The yellow fever virus (YFV) epidemic in Brazil is the largest in decades. The recent discovery of YFV in Brazilian
species mosquitos highlights a need to monitor the risk of reestablishment of urban ...YFV transmission in the Americas. We use a suite of epidemiological, spatial, and genomic approaches to characterize YFV transmission. We show that the age and sex distribution of human cases is characteristic of sylvatic transmission. Analysis of YFV cases combined with genomes generated locally reveals an early phase of sylvatic YFV transmission and spatial expansion toward previously YFV-free areas, followed by a rise in viral spillover to humans in late 2016. Our results establish a framework for monitoring YFV transmission in real time that will contribute to a global strategy to eliminate future YFV epidemics.
We report the final measurement of the neutrino oscillation parameters Δm322 and sin2 θ23 using all data from the MINOS and MINOS+ experiments. These data were collected using a total exposure of ...23.76 × 1020 protons on target producing νμ and νμ beams and 60.75 kt yr exposure to atmospheric neutrinos. The measurement of the disappearance of νμ and the appearance of νe events between the Near and Far detectors yields ... and ... at 68% C.L. for normal (inverted) hierarchy. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omited.).
A search for mixing between active neutrinos and light sterile neutrinos has been performed by looking for muon neutrino disappearance in two detectors at baselines of 1.04 and 735 km, using a ...combined MINOS and MINOS+ exposure of 16.36×10^{20} protons on target. A simultaneous fit to the charged-current muon neutrino and neutral-current neutrino energy spectra in the two detectors yields no evidence for sterile neutrino mixing using a 3+1 model. The most stringent limit to date is set on the mixing parameter sin^{2}θ_{24} for most values of the sterile neutrino mass splitting Δm_{41}^{2}>10^{-4} eV^{2}.
The addition of nickel to cobalt-base alloys enables alloys with a near zero γ−γ′ lattice misfit. The solute partitioning between ordered γ′ precipitates and the disordered γ matrix have been ...investigated using atom probe tomography. The unique shift in solute partitioning in these alloys, as compared to that in simpler Co-base alloys, derives from changes in site substitution of solutes as the relative amounts of Co and Ni change, highlighting new opportunities for the development of advanced tailored alloys.
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We report results of a search for oscillations involving a light sterile neutrino over distances of 1.04 and 735 km in a ν_{μ}-dominated beam with a peak energy of 3 GeV. The data, from an exposure ...of 10.56×10^{20} protons on target, are analyzed using a phenomenological model with one sterile neutrino. We constrain the mixing parameters θ_{24} and Δm_{41}^{2} and set limits on parameters of the four-dimensional Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata matrix, |U_{μ4}|^{2} and |U_{τ4}|^{2}, under the assumption that mixing between ν_{e} and ν_{s} is negligible (|U_{e4}|^{2}=0). No evidence for ν_{μ}→ν_{s} transitions is found and we set a world-leading limit on θ_{24} for values of Δm_{41}^{2}≲1 eV^{2}.
Loss- and gain-of-function variants in the gene encoding KCNQ2 channels are a common cause of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, a condition characterized by seizures, developmental delays, ...breathing problems, and early mortality. To understand how KCNQ2 dysfunction impacts behavior in a mouse model, we focus on the control of breathing by neurons expressing the transcription factor Phox2b which includes respiratory neurons in the ventral parafacial region. We find Phox2b-expressing ventral parafacial neurons express Kcnq2 in the absence of other Kcnq isoforms, thus clarifying why disruption of Kcnq2 but not other channel isoforms results in breathing problems. We also find that Kcnq2 deletion or expression of a recurrent gain-of-function variant R201C in Phox2b-expressing neurons increases baseline breathing or decreases the central chemoreflex, respectively, in mice during the light/inactive state. These results uncover mechanisms underlying breathing abnormalities in KCNQ2 encephalopathy and highlight an unappreciated vulnerability of Phox2b-expressing ventral parafacial neurons to KCNQ2 pathogenic variants.
Abstract
We present the Young Supernova Experiment Data Release 1 (YSE DR1), comprised of processed multicolor PanSTARRS1
griz
and Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF)
gr
photometry of 1975 transients ...with host–galaxy associations, redshifts, spectroscopic and/or photometric classifications, and additional data products from 2019 November 24 to 2021 December 20. YSE DR1 spans discoveries and observations from young and fast-rising supernovae (SNe) to transients that persist for over a year, with a redshift distribution reaching
z
≈ 0.5. We present relative SN rates from YSE’s magnitude- and volume-limited surveys, which are consistent with previously published values within estimated uncertainties for untargeted surveys. We combine YSE and ZTF data, and create multisurvey SN simulations to train the ParSNIP and SuperRAENN photometric classification algorithms; when validating our ParSNIP classifier on 472 spectroscopically classified YSE DR1 SNe, we achieve 82% accuracy across three SN classes (SNe Ia, II, Ib/Ic) and 90% accuracy across two SN classes (SNe Ia, core-collapse SNe). Our classifier performs particularly well on SNe Ia, with high (>90%) individual completeness and purity, which will help build an anchor photometric SNe Ia sample for cosmology. We then use our photometric classifier to characterize our photometric sample of 1483 SNe, labeling 1048 (∼71%) SNe Ia, 339 (∼23%) SNe II, and 96 (∼6%) SNe Ib/Ic. YSE DR1 provides a training ground for building discovery, anomaly detection, and classification algorithms, performing cosmological analyses, understanding the nature of red and rare transients, exploring tidal disruption events and nuclear variability, and preparing for the forthcoming Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time.
A literature search identified only 12 articles which had examined the relative effect of either attendance or absence on primary/elementary school children's literacy and numeracy. However, with ...respect to the relative effect of both attendance and absence, no consistent picture emerged from the articles. Furthermore, for each of the articles, the conclusion about the relative effect was based on visual inspection of the relevant statistic. The second problem was overcome in the study presented in this article by using the British Ability Scales Word Reading and Basic Arithmetic scales to assess the literacy and numeracy of eleven-year-old Poor and Better Attenders. Significantly more of the former than the latter were found to have an arithmetic score significantly below their reading score. The article ends with a consideration of the implications of the study for the primary school teacher and of COVID-19 for the study's findings.
The complex cyclic deformation response of Alloy 617 under creep–fatigue conditions is of practical interest both in terms of the observed detriment in failure life and the considerable cyclic ...softening that occurs. At the low strain ranges investigated, the inelastic strain is the sole predictor of the failure life without taking into consideration a potentially significant environmental influence. The tensile-hold creep–fatigue peak stress response can be directly correlated to the evolving dislocation substructure, which consists of a relatively homogenous distribution of subgrains. Progressive high-temperature cycling with a static hold allows for the rearrangement of loose tangles of dislocations into well-ordered hexagonal dislocation networks. The cyclic softening during tensile-hold creep–fatigue deformation is attributable to two factors: the rearrangement of dislocation substructures into lower-energy configurations, which includes a decreasing dislocation density in subgrain interiors through integration into the subgrain boundaries, and the formation of surface grain boundary cracks and cavity formation or separation at interior grain boundaries, which occurs perpendicular to the stress axis. Effects attributable to the tensile character of the hold cycle are further analyzed through variations in the creep–fatigue waveform and illuminate the effects of the hold-time character on the overall creep–fatigue behavior and evolution of the dislocation substructure.
Searches for a light sterile neutrino have been performed independently by the MINOS and the Daya Bay experiments using the muon (anti)neutrino and electron antineutrino disappearance channels, ...respectively. In this Letter, results from both experiments are combined with those from the Bugey-3 reactor neutrino experiment to constrain oscillations into light sterile neutrinos. The three experiments are sensitive to complementary regions of parameter space, enabling the combined analysis to probe regions allowed by the Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector (LSND) and MiniBooNE experiments in a minimally extended four-neutrino flavor framework. Stringent limits on sin^{2}2θ_{μe} are set over 6 orders of magnitude in the sterile mass-squared splitting Δm_{41}^{2}. The sterile-neutrino mixing phase space allowed by the LSND and MiniBooNE experiments is excluded for Δm_{41}^{2}<0.8 eV^{2} at 95% CL_{s}.
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