Affective forecasting, experienced affect, and recalled affect were compared in younger and older adults during a task in which participants worked to win and avoid losing small monetary sums. ...Dynamic changes in affect were measured along valence and arousal dimensions, with probes during both anticipatory and consummatory task phases. Older and younger adults displayed distinct patterns of affect dynamics. Younger adults reported increased negative arousal during loss anticipation and positive arousal during gain anticipation. In contrast, older adults reported increased positive arousal during gain anticipation but showed no increase in negative arousal on trials involving loss anticipation. Additionally, younger adults reported large increases in valence after avoiding an anticipated loss, but older adults did not. Younger, but not older, adults exhibited forecasting errors on the arousal dimension, underestimating increases in arousal during anticipation of gains and losses and overestimating increases in arousal in response to gain outcomes. Overall, the findings are consistent with a growing literature suggesting that older people experience less negative emotion than their younger counterparts and further suggest that they may better predict dynamic changes in affect.
10-22% of individuals sustaining whiplash trauma develop persistent symptoms resulting in reduced working ability and decreased quality of life, but it is poorly understood why some people do not ...recover. Various collision and post-collision risk factors have been studied, but little is known about pre-collision risk factors. In particular, the impact of sickness and socioeconomic factors before the collision on recovery is sparsely explored. The aim of this study was to examine if welfare payments received within five years pre-collision predict neck pain and negative change in provisional situation one year post-collision.
719 individuals with acute whiplash trauma consecutively recruited from emergency departments or primary care after car accidents in Denmark completed questionnaires on socio-demographic and health factors immediately after the collision. After 12 months, a visual analogue scale on neck pain intensity was completed. 3595 matched controls in the general population were sampled, and national public register data on social benefits and any other welfare payments were obtained for participants with acute whiplash trauma and controls from five years pre-collision to 15 months after. Participants with acute whiplash trauma who had received sickness benefit for more than 12 weeks pre-collision had increased odds for negative change in future provisional situation (Odds Ratio (OR) (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 3.8 (2.1;7.1)) and future neck pain (OR (95%CI) = 3.3 (1.8;6.3)), controlling for other known risk factors. Participants with acute whiplash trauma had weaker attachment to labour market (more weeks of sick leave (χ2(2) = 36.7, p < 0.001) and unemployment (χ2(2) = 12.5, p = 0.002)) pre-collision compared with controls. Experiencing a whiplash trauma raised the odds for future negative change in provisional situation (OR (95%CI) = 3.1 (2.3;4.4)) compared with controls.
Sick leave before the collision strongly predicted prolonged recovery following whiplash trauma. Participants with acute whiplash trauma had weaker attachment to labour market pre-collision compared with the general population. Neck pain at inclusion predicted future neck pain. Acute whiplash trauma may trigger pre-existing vulnerabilities increasing risk of developing whiplash-associated disorders.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Adverse experiences in childhood are a major public health concern, promoting social inequality in health through biopsychosocial mechanisms. So far, no known measures comprehend the complexity and ...variations of severity of adverse events. This study aims to develop and validate a new index: the Weighted Index for Childhood Adverse Conditions (WICAC).
The population consists of 7493 randomly invited men and women aged 18-72 years. Data were collected in 2012-2015 as part of the Danish Study of Functional Disorders (DanFunD). Content and construct validation of the WICAC was performed with the hypothesis testing of multiple biopsychosocial outcomes: cardiovascular disease, cancer, poor health, back pain, BMI, obesity, anxiety, depression, low vitality, subjective social status, lower education, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Data were analysed with binominal and linear regression models with risk ratios (RR) and mean differences (MD).
Content validation is fitting for WICAC. The strongest associations observed were for most severe adversity: Poor Health RR = 2.16 (1.19-2.91), Anxiety RR = 3.32 (2.32-4.74), Heavy Drinking RR = 4.09 (1.85-9.04), and Subjective Social Status MD = -0.481 (-0.721-(-0.241)). Similar results were found for the remaining outcomes. Discriminative validation was undecided.
WICAC is an adequate instrument for measuring cumulative adverse life events in childhood and adolescence for research purposes.
IntroductionKnowledge of concussion in handball is limited. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of concussion in Danish youth community handball.Materials and Methods758 players aged ...11–17 years were followed prospectively as a part of a randomized controlled trial. Handball playing hours and head traumas were monitored weekly by the Oslo Sport Trauma Research Center Health questionnaire (OSTRC-H2) and a concussion specific question over 21 weeks using the app Athlete Monitoring. Players reporting a head injury via the OSTRC-H2 questionnaire or answered yes to the concussion specific question underwent a standardized 5–10-Minute telephone interview within 1 week.Cases of concussion was defined according to the Consensus in Sport Group. Handball playing hours was defined as time spend in handball training and match. Incidence is reported as cases per 1000 playing hours.Results44 cases of concussion were identified. Overall incidence of concussion was 0,94 per 1000 hours 95% CI; 0,68- 1,26. Female athletes sustained twice as many concussions than male athletes (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 2,20 95% CI; 1,09–4,84). Concussion happened 9 times more often during match compared to training (9,09 95% CI; 4,72–18,25). No statistically significant difference in IRR between age groups (U13/U15 vs. U17; IRR 1,48 95% CI; 0,59–3,24) was found.ConclusionThis is the first study reporting concussion incidence in youth handball. Incidence was higher amongst female handball players compared to males and in match versus training. No difference in concussion incidence was found between age groups.
Abstract Background Little is known about gender differences in coping after whiplash, and to date possible interaction of gender and coping on recovery has not been investigated. Aims To examine if ...gender differences in coping are associated with long-lasting neck pain after acute whiplash. Methods Seven hundred and forty participants referred from emergency departments or general practitioners after car accidents in Denmark. Within a median of five days, post-collision participants completed questionnaires on collision characteristics, psychological distress, and socio-demographics. After 3 months they completed the Coping Strategies Questionnaire, and after 12 months a VAS scale on neck pain intensity. Results The odds for long-lasting neck pain were more than twice as high for women than for men (OR = 2.17 (95% CI: 1.40; 3.37). However, no gender difference in coping and no interaction between gender and the five coping subscales on neck pain after 12 months were found. ‘Distraction’ increased the odds for considerable neck pain for both men and women (OR = 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01; 1.05), ‘reinterpreting’ (OR = 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01; 1.06), ‘catastrophizing’ (OR = 1.14 (95% CI: 1.10; 1.18), and ‘praying and hoping’ (OR = 1.10 (95% CI: 1.05; 1.13) for each point on these scales. Conclusions No interaction between coping and gender on neck pain was found, thus different coping strategies 3 months post-collision did not explain the different prognosis observed in men and women. Clinically relevant influence of ‘catastrophizing’ and ‘praying and hoping’ to prognosis was found, therefore we should identify patients predominantly using these strategies.
Aims
To explore the development of cervical motor and nociceptive dysfunction in patients with whiplash (WPs) and non-recovery based on injury-related work disability 1-year after injury when ...compared with ankle-injured controls (ACs).
Methods
A 1-year observational prospective study examining consecutive WPs and age- and sex-matched ACs at 1 week,3 months, 6 months, and 1 year post-injury using semi-structured interviews; global pain rating (VAS0-10) and the pain rating index (PRI-T) and number-of-words-chosen (NWC) from the McGill Pain Questionnaire; examining nociceptive functioning using the cold pressor test (CPT), pressure algometry, and methodic palpation, and central pain processing using counter-stimulation; and examining motor functioning by active cervical range-of-motion (CROM), and neck strength maximal voluntary contraction flexion/extension (MVC). One-year work disability/non-recovery was determined using a semi-structured interview.
Results
A total of 141 WPs and 40 ACs were included. Total pain rating index (PRI-T) NWC were higher in ACs after 1 week but higher in WPs after 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. Ongoing global pain was higher in WPs after 1 week and after 3 and 6 months but not after 1 year. Pressure pain thresholds were reduced, and palpation was higher in the neck and jaw in WPs after 1 week but was not consistently different afterward from ACs. Cervical mobility was reduced in WPs after 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months but not after 1 year, and MVC was significantly reduced in WPs when compared with ACs after 1 week and 1 year but not after 3 and 6 months. One-year non-recovery was only encountered in 11 WPs and not in the AC group. Non-recovered WPs (N-WPs) had consistently significantly higher VAS
0−10
, PRI-T, NWC, reduced pressure pain thresholds, raised muscle-tenderness, reduced active cervical range-of-motion, reduced active-neck-flexion/extension, and reported higher neck disability scores than recovered WPs. Of special interest, there was increasing tenderness in trigeminal-derived muscles based on palpation scores, and marked reduction of PPDT was most pronounced in N-WPs when compared with recovered WPs and ACs.
Conclusion
Cervical motor dysfunction and segmental nociceptive sensitization were present from early after injury in WPs and prolonged in N-WPs. Differences in trigeminal and cervical motor and sensory function in N-WPs could be of interest for future treatment studies.
The present study investigated differences in symptom perceptions between individuals with functional disorders (FD), major health conditions, and FDs + major health conditions, respectively, and a ...group of healthy individuals. Furthermore, it investigated the relevance of FDs among other health-related and psychological correlates of symptom perceptions in the framework of the Common Sense Model of Self-Regulation (CMS).
This cross-sectional study used epidemiological data from the Danish Study of Functional Disorders part two (N = 7,459 participants, 54% female, 51.99 ± 13.4 years). Symptom perceptions were assessed using the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ) and compared between the four health condition groups. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine associations between symptom perceptions, FDs, and other health-related and psychological correlates from the CMS framework.
Individuals with FDs (n = 976) and those with FDs + major health conditions (n = 162) reported less favorable symptom perceptions compared to the other two groups, particularly regarding perceived consequences, timeline, and emotional representations (effect size range Cohen's d = 0.12-0.66). The presence of a FD was significantly associated with all B-IPQ items, even in the context of 16 other relevant health-related and psychological correlates from the CMS framework, whereas symptom presence last year or last week was not.
In the general population, symptom perceptions seem to play a more salient role in FD than in individuals with well-defined physical illness. Symptom perceptions should therefore be targeted in both primary and secondary interventions for FDs.
An increasing number of sexual assaults (SAs) are being reported. This study investigated associations between SA and FSD, conceptualized as bodily distress syndrome (BDS), and five functional ...somatic syndromes (FSSs): chronic widespread pain (CWP), irritable bowel (IB), chronic fatigue (CF), multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), and whiplash-associated disorder (WAD). Participants (n = 7493) from the population-based cohort Danish Study of Functional Disorders (DanFunD) completed questionnaires on FSD, emotional distress, SA, and sociodemographics. Risk ratios (RRs) for each FSD and emotional distress were calculated in nine models with SA as the primary exposure using generalized linear models with binomial family and log link and were adjusted for other potential risk factors. The results showed that SA was associated with single-organ FSD (RR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.22–1.87), multi-organ FSD (RR = 3.51; 95% CI = 1.89–6.49), CWP (RR = 1.28; 95% CI = 0.83–1.98), IB (RR = 2.00; 95% CI = 1.30–3.07), CF (RR = 1.81; 95% CI = 1.42–2.32), WAD (RR = 2.62; 95% CI = 1.37–5.03), MCS (RR = 3.04; 95% CI = 1.79–5.17), emotional distress (RR = 1.75; 95% CI = 1.21–2.54), and health anxiety (RR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.10–2.46). Overall, SA victims experienced significantly more somatic symptoms than individuals not exposed to SA. Adjusting for physical and emotional abuse did not change the observed associations. Our results suggest a large impact of SA on the overall somatic and mental health of SA victims. Due to the cross-sectional study design, further studies are required.
Background: Negative life events are a predictor for mental illness. However, most research has focused on selected domains, e.g. childhood or recent adversity. The Cumulative Lifetime Adversity ...Measure (CLAM), a newly introduced questionnaire not yet validated, examines cumulative effect of a range of events including number of exposure to the same event. This measure gives opportunity to collect detailed data on lifetime adversity in large cohort studies.
Objective: The aim of this study was translation of the CLAM into Danish and validation of the CLAM in a large general population cohort. Secondly, we aimed to describe the occurrence of adverse life events in a large representative sample of the general population in Denmark.
Methods: Translation and validation followed the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) for formative models. Content and construct validity were evaluated including hypothesis testing of accumulated lifetime adversity having a U-shaped pattern with low levels of cumulated lifetime adversity as opposed to no or high levels being associated with lower emotional distress, functional impairment, and pain impairment. The field testing sample was the DanFunD cohort (n = 7493) randomly drawn in a Danish population and examined between 2012 and 2015.
Results: Pilot interviews showed that the questions were confronting but not offensive, straight forward, and easy to answer. Acceptability was good. U-shaped patterns between accumulated lifetime adversity and the outcome measures were found. Quadratic term: Emotional distress (β(95%CI) 0.007(0.002;0.012), p < 0.007), functional impairment (β(95%CI) −0.002(−0.003;−0.001), p < 0.001), and pain impairment (β(95%CI) 0.004(0.002;0.006), p = 0.001). Field testing provided basic numbers for adverse life events for the Danish general population, with a cumulated lifetime adversity mean (SD), 5.9 (3.7). Compared to the US there were lower rates of violence, social/environmental stress, and disaster.
Conclusions: The results from the original version were replicated, indicating high construct validity. Furthermore, content validity was good.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Patients with acute whiplash trauma were followed to examine if post-trauma ratings of pre-collision pain and psychological distress were associated with reduced work capability and neck pain at 12
...months follow-up. The study included 740 consecutive patients (474 females, 266 males) referred from emergency departments or primary care after car accidents in four counties in Denmark. After the collision patients received a questionnaire on psychological distress, unspecified pain and socio-demographics and 12
months later a follow-up on work capability and neck pain was performed. Risk factors were identified by multiple logistic regression analysis. Factors associated with affected work capacity at the 12-month follow-up were pre-collision unspecified pain condition (OR
=
2.4,
p
=
0.002) and socio-demographic characteristics: female gender, low educational level, unemployment and blue collar worker. Factors associated with considerable neck pain at follow-up were pre-collision unspecified pain (OR
=
3.5,
p
<
0.000), pre-collision high psychological distress (OR
=
2.1,
p
=
0.03) and socio-demographic characteristics: female gender and formal education >4
years. Pre-collision neck pain and severity of accident were not associated with poor outcome. In conclusion unspecified as opposed to specified pain (neck pain) before the collision is associated with poor recovery and high accumulation of pre-collision psychological distress is associated with considerable neck pain at follow-up. However, no conclusions on causality can be drawn. Personal characteristics before the collision are important for recovery and attention to pre-collision characteristics may contribute to the prevention of poor recovery after acute whiplash trauma.
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