Bio‐based packaging materials are an emerging environment‐friendly alternative to conventional plastic food packaging materials, at least for some applications. The innovation of this work was to ...develop a sustainable cellulosic packaging material based on chitosan/palmitic acid/activated carbon coating with potential applications for single‐use food packaging. The study developed a multilayer paperboard (MPB), evaluating the effects of a paperboard surface coating by chitosan (2.0% w/w), palmitic acid (1.8% w/w), and activated carbon (1.2% w/w) applied in three coating layers. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of coated paperboard was reduced compared to uncoated paperboard, associated with the coating suspension filling of the pores of the cellulosic matrix, the palmitic acid hydrophobic characteristic, and the nonpolar nature of activated carbon (acted by repelling the vapor molecules of water). A grease resistance of Kit solution 11 of MPB was observed. The stiffness and elongation capacity increased, indicating the rigidity and flexibility of the MPB. The deposition of palmitic acid and activated carbon influenced the roughness increase. The biodegradability in the soil after 188 days of MPB was 55.01%, and the control (uncoated paperboard) was 69.38%. The coating did not impact the degradation behavior of cellulose.
Biodegradation and microstructure of paperboard coated with chitosan, palmitic acid, and activated carbon.
Cordia verbenacea (erva baleeira) is a plant used in indigenous folk medicine. Due to its pharmacological properties (antioxidant and anti-inflammatory), it can be used in the development of herbal ...medicines by different forms of administration such as orally disintegrating films (ODFs), which would facilitate the systemic release of its active ingredients. Considering the properties of the C. verbenacea and the advantages of ODFs, the objective of this work was the potential development of ODFs with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The polymeric matrices were produced based on starch and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and additives with different C. verbenacea extract concentrations in order to obtain concentrations of 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 mg flavonoids/ODF. The films were characterized by microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, mechanical properties, mucoadhesiveness, in vitro disintegration, in vitro release of flavonoids, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of the films. The ODFs showed good antioxidant activity and high anti-inflammatory capacity with inhibition of COX-2 enzyme. The stability study demonstrated the conservation of flavonoids and also the maintenance of the anti-inflammatory capacity of ODFs. This study demonstrated that orally disintegrating films have high potential for the delivery of natural bioactive compounds and the maintenance of their pharmacological properties.
•C. verbenacea has been studied for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.•ODFs represent an alternative pharmaceutical dosage for herbal medicines.•The ODFs showed high inhibition capacity against the COX-2 enzyme.•C. verbenacea extract and ODFs demonstrated oxygen radical absorption capacity.
The objective of this work was the production and characterization of orally disintegrating films of gelatin and hydrolyzed collagen containing the ethanol extract of propolis. The films were ...produced by casting with different concentrations of hydrolyzed collagen with and without the extract. The mechanical properties, mucoadhesive properties, swelling degree, in vitro release kinetics, stability of active compounds, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and antimicrobial activity of the films were evaluated. The films with the highest concentration of hydrolyzed collagen were less resistant and more elastic, and films containing the extract were more resistant than the control. In addition, the films with the extract showed higher mucoadhesion, which is important for ensuring the release of active compounds in the oral cavity. Generally, all formulations showed a high swelling capacity, which may have contributed to the quick release also demonstrated by the release kinetics model. Interactions between the extract compounds and the polymeric matrix were observed by FTIR spectroscopy, which may have contributed to an improvement in the mechanical properties. Films containing the extract had good stability and effective antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, which shows that these films can potentially be used to release active compounds in the oral mucosa.
Green propolis ethanol extract (GPEE) is one of the most used compounds in folk medicine. Alternative dosage forms, such as orally disintegrating films (ODFs) and forms of incorporation of active ...principles, such as the printing technique, are arousing interest due to the possibility of producing personalized dosages and possible reduction of the degradation of compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of green propolis standardized ethanol extract EPP-AF® (GPEE) incorporation on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) using the printing technique (1–4 print layers). GPEE was characterized by propolis dry matter, total phenolics and flavonoids, HPLC chemical fingerprint, apparent viscosity, density, and surface tension. The ODFs with different numbers of printed layers were characterized in relation to color, moisture content, mechanical properties, structure, disintegration time, surface pH, stability, cytotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activity tests. GPEE showed properties similar to those observed for commercial inks. The number of printed layers affected film properties. ODFs demonstrated stability considering the chemical propolis biomarker selected for this evaluation. ODFs with GPEE showed anti-inflammatory activity, where a reduction of about 40% NO2− concentration against macrophage cells was found after adding one GPEE layer. As such, printing on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose oral films as a vehicle for green propolis ethanolic extract represents an interesting alternative to produce materials with controlled anti-inflammatory activity.
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•Viscosity, density and surface tension values of GPEE are similar to commercial inks.•Oral films of HPMC-based printed are a promising way to deliver active compounds.•HPMS-based printed films maintain the stability of phenolic compounds.•Films printed with green propolis ethanol extract have anti-inflammatory activity.
This study aimed to produce orally disintegrating films (ODFs) based on pregelatinized starch and gelatin with the incorporation of acerola powder and to evaluate the effect of the macromolecule ...concentration on the properties of the films. No ODFs had insoluble particles, and microstructure analysis by atomic force microscopy showed that higher starch concentrations led to greater surface heterogeneity and roughness. Starch inclusion in the films enhanced the hydrophilicity of the material (producing lower contact angle values). These factors, along with higher levels of starch, probably contributed to the favorable disintegration time, as observed by the lower values from in vitro and in vivo analyses. The FTIR spectra of the ODFs demonstrate predominant presence of carbohydrates and proteins, showing good interaction between them. In addition, the antioxidant capacity results showed that, after 50 days of storage under drastic conditions (75% relative humidity and 40 °C), the ODFs retained at least 60% of their antioxidant capacity. Therefore, the ODF containing acerola powder represents a promising system for use in active compound delivery.
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•Gelatin:starch ratios affect the characteristics of orally disintegrating films (ODFs).•Different gelatin: starch ratios do not affect the antioxidant activity of films.•Gelatin:starch ODFs with acerola exhibited reduced mucoadhesivity.•Regarding the global acceptability of the ODFs, tasters neither liked nor disliked.
Oral films perform promising alternatives to traditional oral delivery systems to carry and deliver bioactive compounds directly into the oral cavity. The objective of this work was to produce and ...evaluate oral films based on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and pregelatinized starch incorporated with ethanolic extract from camu‐camu industrial residue (EECCIR). Although all films can be ingested without causing irritation to the oral mucosa, due to near‐neutral surface pH, the starch‐based oral films with and without the addition of EECCIR showed reduced tensile strength (5.48 ± 0.97 MPa) indicating inferior mechanical properties to films based on CMC and HPMC. The CMC films, in addition to shorter disintegration time (50 ± 5 s), showed faster release, about 70% of phenolic compounds in 10 min and 100% in 30 min. As for the release profile, the application of the Korsmeyer and Peppas and Peppas and Sahlin models allowed to better understand the mechanisms involved in the release of phenolic compounds. Although all three oral film formulations can be used as carriers of active compounds from the ethanolic extract of the camu‐camu residue, the oral films based on CMC incorporated with EECCIR showed greater potential.
Oral film (OF) research has intensified due to the effortless administration and advantages related to absorption in systemic circulation. Chitosan is one of the polymers widely used in the ...production of OFs; however, studies evaluating the maintenance of the active principles’ activity are incipient. Propolis has been widely used as an active compound due to its different actions. Printing techniques to incorporate propolis in OFs prove to be efficient. The objective of the present study is to develop and characterize oral films based on chitosan and propolis using printing techniques and to evaluate the main activities of the extract incorporated into the polymeric matrix. The OFs were characterized in relation to the structure using scanning and atomic force electron microscopy; the mechanical properties, disintegration time, wettability, and stability of antioxidant activity were evaluated. The ethanolic extract of green propolis (GPEE) concentration influenced the properties of the OFs. The stability (phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity) was reduced in the first 20 days, and after this period, it remained constant.
Synthetic polymer coatings impact the biodegradable behavior of cellulosic packaging material. The environmental consequences of food packaging disposal have increased consumer concern. The present ...study aimed to use natural polymer coatings incorporating palmitic acid and activated carbon applied to paperboard surfaces as a sustainable alternative to improve cellulosic packaging material's moisture and fat barrier properties, minimizing the environmental impact. The coating formulation was defined using a Factorial Experimental Design with independent variables: chitosan, palmitic acid, activated carbon concentrations, and the number of coating layers. The highest concentration of chitosan (2.0%
/
) filled the pores of the cellulosic paperboard network, supporting the compounds incorporated into the filmogenic matrix and improving the fat resistance. The water vapor permeability of the coated paperboard material (range: 101 ± 43 to 221 ± 13 g·d
·m
) was influenced by the hydrophobicity effect of palmitic acid, the non-polar characteristic of activated carbon, and the number of applied layers. The coating formulation selected was a chitosan concentration of 2.0% (
/
), a palmitic acid concentration of 1.8% (
/
), an activated carbon concentration of 1.2% (
/
), and an application of three layers. The coating provides the potential for a paperboard surface application, improving the cellulosic packaging material's fat and moisture barrier properties and maintaining biodegradability and recyclability.
The consumption of composite flour, such as green banana and corn flour, is related to maintain stable blood glucose levels, due to high resistant starch levels. However, most of these studies have ...conducted analyses of unprocessed food such as flour. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of baking on resistant starch concentration and digestion from bread produced with partial wheat flour substitution. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate bread physical-chemical characteristics, and then, sensorial and nutritional qualities of the bread were evaluated. The feasibility of incorporating 40% of corn flour was demonstrated, while incorporation of 20% produced bread with similar characteristics to the control; for green banana flour, these levels were 20 and 10%, respectively. Resistant starch levels of composite breads were also enhanced by in vitro analyses. On the other hand, in vivo blood glucose levels evidenced that the ingestion of breads produced with partial wheat flour substitution by green banana or corn flour promoted a more important peak in blood glucose levels in comparison with control bread, which was never previously presented in the literature. Bread ingestion rapidly increased the blood glucose levels of rats; once during the baking process, starch granules become gelatinized and therefore easily digestible. Furthermore, this study also highlighted the lack and need for future investigation of wheat flour-substituted baked goods, in order to better understand mechanical properties formation and also product digestibility.
In the food chain, the packaging is an intermediary product between the food industry and consumers. It represents a critical step in food quality preservation and the ultimate protection against ...insect pests. Insects may infest grain‐based food products during their packed life. Active packaging systems involve intentional interaction with food or its surroundings, and a few studies have been focused on anti‐insect packaging materials for food. The aim of this work was to develop a sustainable and active packaging material based on chitosan coating on paperboard surface incorporating lemongrass essential oil with potential action against weevil infestation in cereal‐based food packed products. The innovation is the eco‐friendly packaging development by applying natural and biodegradable compounds to prevent stored product insect infestation in the grain‐based product. The effects of chitosan and lemongrass essential oil (LG) concentrations and the number of coating layers were studied. The active packaging material was anti‐insect efficient against adult weevils in wheat grain and pasta package. The active coating reduced the air and water vapour transmission rate, and water absorption capacity improved the fat barrier while maintaining a microbial impermeability. The proposed active packaging material presented a potential application to extend the shelf life of grain‐based food products against weevil infestation.
The new active packaging material was efficient against weevil infestation in cereal‐based food‐packed products.
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