Fast Packet Processing with eBPF and XDP Vieira, Marcos A. M.; Castanho, Matheus S.; Pacífico, Racyus D. G. ...
ACM computing surveys,
02/2020, Letnik:
53, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF) is an instruction set and an execution environment inside the Linux kernel. It enables modification, interaction, and kernel programmability at runtime. eBPF ...can be used to program the eXpress Data Path (XDP), a kernel network layer that processes packets closer to the NIC for fast packet processing. Developers can write programs in C or P4 languages and then compile to eBPF instructions, which can be processed by the kernel or by programmable devices (e.g., SmartNICs). Since its introduction in 2014, eBPF has been rapidly adopted by major companies such as Facebook, Cloudflare, and Netronome. Use cases include network monitoring, network traffic manipulation, load balancing, and system profiling. This work aims to present eBPF to an inexpert audience, covering the main theoretical and fundamental aspects of eBPF and XDP, as well as introducing the reader to simple examples to give insight into the general operation and use of both technologies.
Current Service Function Chaining (SFC) architectures are tailor-made for specific environments and platforms, often relying on SFC support on network devices or specialized frameworks. Thus, the ...service plane and the data plane are tightly coupled, which hinders innovation. For example, prototyping new SFC protocols usually requires re-implementing service functions (SFs) or modifying network devices. To address these issues, we propose Chaining-Box, a new SFC architecture based on a simple idea: implementing all the SFC functionality as a sequence of stages. This is done in a fully transparent manner without changing neither SFs nor network devices. Stages are implemented using BPF, a technology that allows user-defined programs to run inside the Linux kernel. The stages run as packets traverse the kernel stack and implement all SFC actions to provide the chaining. A proof-of-concept of Chaining-Box is implemented as a prototype, which demonstrates a decrease of 20%-40% in latency in comparison with similar proposals. The results also show equivalent performance when compared with OVS-based SFC, but allowing the bridges to be SFC-agnostic.
Service Providers (SP) have deployed virtualized network functions (VNFs) as key elements for handling traffic in the SP domain. Packets are steered to follow a certain order through a set of VNFs ...before reaching their destination. The provision of such chaining is called Service Function Chaining (SFC). However, current SFC implementations require complex management and are tailored to specific platforms or devices. In this paper, we propose PhantomSFC, a fully virtualized SFC architecture that aims to clearly decouple the service plane from the underlying network. The approach enables SFC to be network agnostic, allowing it to be deployed in multiple scenarios. Besides, SPs can scale resources allocated to SFC execution according to service demands. A proof-of-concept (PoC) prototype of the PhantomSFC architecture is built as a DPDK application to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach. Results show it can handle SFC operation with reasonable performance, considering latency, jitter, and throughput.
Application Layer Packet Classifier in Hardware Pacifico, Racyus D. G.; Castanho, Matheus S.; Vieira, Luiz F. M. ...
2021 IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM),
2021-May-17
Conference Proceeding
Traffic classification is fundamental to network operators to manage the network better. L7 classification and Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) using regular expressions are vital components to provide ...application-aware traffic classification. Nevertheless, there are open challenges yet, such as programmability and performance combined with security. In this paper, we introduce eBPFlow, a fast application layer packet classifier in hardware. eBPFlow allows packet classification with DPI on packet headers and payloads in runtime. It enables programming of regular expressions (RegEx) and security protocols using eBPF (extended Berkeley Packet Filter). We built eBPFlow on NetFPGA SUME 40 Gbps and created several application classifiers. The tests were performed in a physical testbed. Our results show that eBPFlow supports packet classification on the application layer with line rate. It only consumes 22 W.
A game engine for building ubigames Pimenta, Matheus C. S. C.; Buzeto, Fabricio N.; Santos, Luciano H. O. ...
2014 13th Annual Workshop on Network and Systems Support for Games,
2014-Dec.
Conference Proceeding
Blurring the boundaries between the game world and the real world is the purpose of ubigames. This entices a higher level of engagement and immersion among players, an effect of great interest by the ...electronic game industry. Game engines have been employed by this industry to overcome several challenges and are a well established solution. However, ubigames still lack a solution that handles both the challenges of game development and those faced by ubiquitous computing applications. Here is presented a game engine that helps building such games, providing transparent dynamic integration of heterogeneous devices and technologies for game developers.
The scientific importance involved in this study was the use of whey, a co-product of the cheese industry, and its performance during the freeze concentration process. Moreover, the best-concentrated ...whey from the freeze concentration process, about the total solids, proteins, and mineral contents, was used to prepare two functional fermented lactic beverages. Therefore, whey was subjected to the freeze concentration in blocks with gravitational thawing. Process performance indicated better yields and efficiency for the second stage of freeze concentration. Concentrated whey 2 was used to prepare two fermented lactic beverages added with probiotics: one without adding guabiroba pulp (control) and a beverage incorporated with 10% guabiroba pulp. Containing guabiroba pulp was not enough to modify the total solids, proteins, and mineral contents. However, it decreased pH values, changed the color to an orange hue, and decreased luminosity. The fermented lactic beverage added with probiotic and 10% guabiroba pulp showed 1.61× more phenolic compounds and an increase of 164% for each evaluated carotenoid content compared with the control beverage.
ABSTRACT Objective to identify the prevalence of chronic critical disease and associated factors in patients hospitalized for trauma in the Intensive Care Unit. Method case-control study, with data ...from medical records of adults hospitalized for trauma in an Intensive Care Unit, between 2013 and 2019. Data were collected from the patient admission book, the electroni cmedical records and the records of the Hospital Infection Control Service. The dependent variable was the occurrence of chronic critical disease, and the independent variables were related to sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, trauma, pre-hospital care, prognostic indices, procedures and complications. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed, which estimated the Ods Ratio (OR) and respective confidence intervals (CI). Results chronic critical disease occurred in 150 patients (24.2%), of the 619 patients studied. The factors associated with CCD were organic dysfunction (OR=1.09) and gastrointestinal complications (OR=2.71). Patients with chronic critical disease, in addition to proseeding for surgical procedures, developed organic dysfunctions in different systems, presenting high scores in prognostic indexes, i.e., a worse prognosis, in addition to developing complications. Conclusion the identification of gastrointestinal complications and the increase in organic dysfunction as factors associated with chronic critical patients become useful to compose the clinical profile of patients and to plan intensive care for the traumatized patients, thus contributing to the prevention and management of these patients by nurses.
RESUMEN Objetivo identificar la prevalencia de enfermedad crítica crónica y factores asociados en pacientes hospitalizados por trauma en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Método estudio de casos y controles, con datos de las historias clínicas de adultos internados por trauma en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, entre 2013 y 2019. Los datos fueron recolectados del libro de ingreso de pacientes, la historia clínica electrónica y los formularios del Servicio de Control de Infecciones Hospitalarias. . La variable dependiente fue la ocurrencia de enfermedad crítica crónica, y las variables independientes se relacionaron con características sociodemográficas, comorbilidades, traumatismos, atención prehospitalaria, índices pronósticos, procedimientos y complicaciones. Se realizó análisis de regresión logística múltiple, que estimó el Ods Ratio (OR) y los respectivos intervalos de confianza (IC). Resultados la enfermedad crítica crónica se presentó en 150 pacientes (24,2%), de los 619 estudiados. Los factores asociados a CC fueron disfunción orgánica (OR=1,09) y complicaciones gastrointestinales (OR=2,71). Los pacientes con enfermedad crítica crónica, además de requerir procedimientos quirúrgicos, desarrollaron disfunciones de órganos en diferentes sistemas, presentando puntuaciones altas en los índices pronósticos, o sea, peor pronóstico, además de desarrollar complicaciones. Conclusión La identificación de las complicaciones gastrointestinales y el aumento de la disfunción orgánica como factores asociados a los pacientes críticos crónicos se vuelven útiles para componer el perfil clínico de los pacientes y planificar la terapia intensiva para pacientes traumatizados, contribuyendo así a la prevención y manejo de estas condiciones. pacientes por la enfermera.
RESUMO Objetivo identificar a prevalência de doença crítica crônica e fatores associados em pacientes hospitalizados por trauma em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Método estudo de caso-controle, com dados de prontuários de adultos hospitalizados por trauma em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, entre 2013 e 2019. Os dados foram coletados do livro de admissão de pacientes, do prontuário eletrônico e das fichas do Serviço de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar. A variável dependente foi a ocorrência de doença crítica crônica e as variáveis independentes relacionavam-se às características sociodemográficas, comorbidades, trauma, atendimento pré-hospitalar, índices prognósticos, procedimentos e complicações. Realizou-se análise de regressão logística múltipla, que estimou o Ods Ratio (OR) e respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC). Resultados a doença crítica crônica ocorreu em 150 pacientes (24,2%), dos 619 estudados. Os fatores associados à DCC foram disfunção orgânica (OR=1,09) e complicações gastrointestinais (OR=2,71). Os pacientes com doença crítica crônica, além de demandarem por procedimentos cirúrgicos, desenvolveram disfunções orgânicas em diferentes sistemas, apresentando altas pontuações nos índices de prognósticos, ou seja, um pior prognóstico, além de desenvolverem complicações. Conclusão a identificação das complicações gastrointestinais e o aumento da disfunção orgânica como fatores associados ao paciente crítico crônico tornam-se úteis para compor perfil clínico de pacientes e para planejar a assistência intensiva ao traumatizado, contribuindo, assim, para a prevenção e o manejo desses pacientes pelo enfermeiro.
PDF
