Although tobacco smoking, pan chewing and alcohol drinking are important risk factors for head and neck cancer (HNC), the HNC risks conferred by products available in Nepal for these habits are ...unknown. We assessed the associations of tobacco smoking, chewing habits, and alcohol drinking with HNC risk in Nepal. A case–control study was conducted in Nepal with 549 incident HNC cases and 601 controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders. We observed increased HNC risk for tobacco smoking (OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.06), chewing habits (OR: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.77, 3.23), and alcohol drinking (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.18). The population attributable fraction (PAF) was 24.3% for tobacco smoking, 39.9% for chewing habits and 23.0% for alcohol drinking. Tobacco smoking, chewing habits, and alcohol drinking might be responsible for 85.3% of HNC cases. Individuals who smoked tobacco, chewed products and drank alcohol had a 13‐fold increase in HNC risk (OR: 12.83; 95% CI: 6.91, 23.81) compared to individuals who did not have any of these habits. Both high frequency and long duration of these habits were strong risk factors for HNC among the Nepalese with clear dose–response trends. Preventive strategies against starting these habits and support for quitting these habits are necessary to decrease the incidence of HNC in Nepal.
What's new?
Associations between head and neck cancer (HNC) risk and tobacco smoking, pan chewing, and alcohol use are well established. In Nepal, however, little is known about relationships between these behaviors and risk of developing HNC. In this case‐control study in Nepal, the authors observed increased HNC risks for tobacco smoking, chewing habits, and alcohol drinking. Individuals who engaged in all three behaviors were markedly affected, experiencing a 13‐fold increase in HNC risk compared to individuals who did not engage in any of these activities. The results highlight the impact of behavioral factors on HNC risk in Nepal.
Animal models are widely used to develop drugs for treating diabetes mellitus (DM). Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the main problems in type-2 DM (T2DM). Streptozotocin (STZ) is used to damage ...pancreatic cells for induction of DM. Many rat models were applied in research as T2DM. However, the degree of IR in each model is unknown. In the present study, IR and insulin signaling were compared in four models of type 2 diabetes: rats fed a fructose-rich chow for 8 weeks, rats feed high-fat chow for 4 weeks followed by injection with streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, i.p.), rats injected with a single low dose streptozotocin (45 mg/kg, i.p.), and rats injected with a single dose of nicotinamide followed by a single high dose of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.p.). Values from these determinations in diabetic rats showing the order that insulin resistance is most marked in rats received fructose-rich chow followed by high-fat diet before STZ injection induced model (HFD/STZ rats), and rats injected with low dose of STZ but it is less marked in rats induced by nicotinamide and STZ. Additionally, insulin secretion was reduced in three rat models except the rats receiving fructose-rich chow. Western blots also showed the same changes in phosphorylation of IRS-1 or Akt using soleus muscle from each model. The obtained data suggest a lack of pronounced IR in the rats with acute diabetes induced by nicotinamide and STZ while IR is markedly identified in rats fed fructose-rich chow. However, the increase of plasma glucose levels in fructose-rich chow-fed rats was not so significant as other groups. Therefore, HFD/STZ rats is an appropriate and stable animal model which is analogous to the human T2DM through a combination of high-fat diet with multiple low-dose STZ injections.
Background
Breast cancer survival is increasing, making late effects such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) more relevant. The purpose of this study was to evaluate incident CVD following breast cancer ...diagnosis among long‐term survivors and to investigate possible risk factors for CVD.
Methods
A population‐based cohort of 6641 breast cancer survivors diagnosed between 1997 and 2009 who survived at least 10 years was identified within the Utah Cancer Registry. In addition, 36,612 cancer‐free women from the general population, matched by birth year and state, were identified within the Utah Population Database. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate CVD hazard ratios (HRs) for >10 to 15 and >15 years.
Results
Long‐term breast cancer survivors had an increased risk of newly diagnosed diseases of the circulatory system (HR, 1.32; 99% confidence interval CI, 1.00‐1.75) from 10 to 15 years following cancer diagnosis compared with the general population. No increased CVD risks were observed after 15 years. Breast cancer survivors with Charlson Comorbidity Index score ≥2 had a significantly higher risk of diseases of the circulatory system (HR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.08‐6.45) beyond 10 years following breast cancer diagnosis. Similarly, older age, obesity, lower education, and family history of CVD and breast cancer were risk factors for heart and circulatory system diseases among long‐term breast cancer survivors.
Conclusion
Risk of CVD compared to the general population was moderate among this cohort of long‐term breast cancer survivors between 10 to 15 years since cancer diagnosis. Awareness of CVD risks is important for breast cancer survivors.
The risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) between 10 to 15 years since cancer diagnosis was moderate among this cohort of long‐term breast cancer survivors compared to the general population. Awareness of CVD risks is important for breast cancer survivors.
Asymmetric nonlinear weight update is considered as one of the major obstacles for realizing hardware neural networks based on analog resistive synapses, because it significantly compromises the ...online training capability. This paper provides new solutions to this critical issue through co-optimization with the hardware-applicable deep-learning algorithms. New insights on engineering activation functions and a threshold weight update scheme effectively suppress the undesirable training noise induced by inaccurate weight update. We successfully trained a two-layer perceptron network online and improved the classification accuracy of MNIST handwritten digit data set to 87.8%/94.8% by using 6-/8-b analog synapses, respectively, with extremely high asymmetric nonlinearity.
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory oral mucosal disease that occurs more frequently in middle-aged and elderly female patients. Previous studies indicate that OLP is a T-cell ...dysfunction-induced localized autoimmune disease. Clinically, six types of OLP, namely reticular, papular, plaque-like, atrophic/erosive, ulcerative, and bullous types, can be identified. OLP more commonly affects buccal mucosa, tongue, and gingiva. It always has a bilateral and symmetric distribution of the oral lesions. Plaque-like and atrophic/erosive OLP may be misdiagnosed as oral leukoplakia and oral erythroleukoplakia, respectively. Our previous study found serum autoantibodies in 195 (60.9%) of the 320 OLP patients. Specific serum anti-nuclear, anti-smooth muscle, anti-mitochondrial, gastric parietal cell, thyroglobulin, and thyroid microsomal autoantibodies are present in 28.1%, 8.4%, 1.6%, 26.3%, 21.3%, and 24.4% of 320 OLP patients, respectively. Furthermore, we also discovered that 21.9%, 13.6%, 7.1%, 0.3%, and 14.8% of 352 OLP patients have hemoglobin, iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiencies, and abnormally high serum homocysteine level, respectively. Therefore, it is very important to examine the serum autoantibody, hematinic and homocysteine levels in OLP patients before starting the treatments for OLP patients. Because OLP is an immunologically-mediated disease, corticosteroids are the drugs of choice for treatment of OLP.
Copper (Cu) toxicity has become a potential threat for citrus production, but little is known about related mechanisms. This study aims to uncover the global landscape of mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs ...(lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in response to Cu toxicity so as to construct a regulatory network of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) and to provide valuable knowledge pertinent to Cu response in citrus.
Tolerance of four commonly used rootstocks to Cu toxicity was evaluated, and 'Ziyang Xiangcheng' (Citrus junos) was found to be the most tolerant genotype. Then the roots and leaves sampled from 'Ziyang Xiangcheng' with or without Cu treatment were used for whole-transcriptome sequencing. In total, 5734 and 222 mRNAs, 164 and 5 lncRNAs, 45 and 17 circRNAs, and 147 and 130 miRNAs were identified to be differentially expressed (DE) in Cu-treated roots and leaves, respectively, in comparison with the control. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that most of the DEmRNAs and targets of DElncRNAs and DEmiRNAs were annotated to the categories of 'oxidation-reduction', 'phosphorylation', 'membrane', and 'ion binding'. The ceRNA network was then constructed with the predicted pairs of DEmRNAs-DEmiRNAs and DElncRNAs-DEmiRNAs, which further revealed regulatory roles of these DERNAs in Cu toxicity.
A large number of mRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, and miRNAs in 'Ziyang Xiangcheng' were altered in response to Cu toxicity, which may play crucial roles in mitigation of Cu toxicity through the ceRNA regulatory network in this Cu-tolerant rootstock.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Artificial bone grafting is widely used in current orthopedic surgery for bone defect problems. Unfortunately, surgeons remain unsatisfied with the current commercially available products. One of the ...major complaints is that these products cannot provide sufficient mechanical strength to support the human skeletal structure. In this study, we aimed to develop a bone scaffold with better mechanical property and good cell affinity by 3D printing (3DP) techniques. A self-developed 3D printer with laser-aided gelling (LAG) process was used to fabricate bioceramic scaffolds with inter-porous structures. To improve the mechanical property of the bioceramic parts after heating, CaCO3 was added to the silica ceramic slurry. CaCO3 was blended into a homogenous SiO2-sol dispersion at weight ratios varying from 0/100 to 5/95 to 9/91 (w/w). Bi-component CaCO3/SiO2-sol was prepared as a biocomposite for the 3DP scaffold. The well-mixed biocomposite was used to fabricate the bioceramic green part using the LAG method. The varied scaffolds were sintered at different temperatures ranging from 900 to 1500°C, and the mechanical property was subsequently analyzed. The scaffolds showed good property with the composite ratio of 5:95 CaCO3:SiO2 at a sintering temperature of 1300°C. The compressive strength was 47 MPa, and the porosity was 34%. The topography of the sintered 3DP bioceramic scaffold was examined by SEM, EDS and XRD. The silica bioceramic presented no cytotoxicity and good MG-63 osteoblast-like cell affinity, demonstrating good biocompatibility. Therefore, the new silica biocomposite is viable for fabricating 3DP bone bioceramics with improved mechanical property and good cell affinity.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common oral mucosal diseases characterized by recurrent and painful ulcerations on the movable or nonkeratinized oral mucosae. Clinically, three ...types of RAS, namely minor, major, and herpetiform types, can be identified. RAS more commonly affects labial mucosa, buccal mucosa, and tongue. Previous studies indicate that RAS is a multifactorial T cell-mediated immune-dysregulated disease. Factors that modify the immunologic responses in RAS include genetic predisposition, viral and bacterial infections, food allergies, vitamin and microelement deficiencies, systemic diseases, hormonal imbalance, mechanical injuries, and stress. Our previous study found the presence of serum gastric parietal cell antibody, thyroglobulin antibody, and thyroid microsomal antibody in 13.0%, 19.4%, and 19.7% of 355 RAS patients, respectively. We also found anemia, serum iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia in 20.9%, 20.1%, 4.8%, 2.6%, and 7.7% of 273 RAS patients, respectively. Therefore, it is very important to examine the complete blood count, serum autoantibody, hematinic, and homocysteine levels in RAS patients before we start to offer treatments for RAS. Because RAS is an immunologically-mediated disease, topical and systemic corticosteroid therapies are the main treatments of choice for RAS.
Background/Purpose Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have been proposed as a promising source of stem cells in nerve regeneration due to their close embryonic origin and ease of harvest. The aim of this ...study was to evaluate the efficacy of dopaminergic and motor neuronal inductive media on transdifferentiation of human DPSCs (hDPSCs) into neuron-like cells. Methods Isolation, cultivation, and identification of hDPSCs were performed with morphological analyses and flow cytometry. The proliferation potential of DPSCs was evaluated with an XTT (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2 H -tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) assay. Media for the induction of dopaminergic and spinal motor neuronal differentiation were prepared. The efficacy of neural induction was evaluated by detecting the expression of neuron cell-specific cell markers in DPSCs by immunocytochemistry and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results In the XTT assay, there was a 2.6- or 2-fold decrease in DPSCs cultured in dopaminergic or motor neuronal inductive media, respectively. The proportions of βIII-tubulin (βIII-tub), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and oligodendrocyte (O1)-positive cells were significantly higher in DPSCs cultured in both neuronal inductive media compared with those cultured in control media. Furthermore, hDPSC-derived dopaminergic and spinal motor neuron cells after induction expressed a higher density of neuron cell markers than those before induction. Conclusion These findings suggest that in response to the neuronal inductive stimuli, a greater proportion of DPSCs stop proliferation and acquire a phenotype resembling mature neurons. Such neural crest-derived adult DPSCs may provide an alternative stem cell source for therapy-based treatments of neuronal disorders and injury.
Backgrounds
Periodontitis is an oral‐bacteria‐directed disease that occurs worldwide. Currently, periodontal pathogens are mostly determined using traditional culture techniques, next‐generation ...sequencing, and microbiological screening system. In addition to the well‐known and cultivatable periodontal bacteria, we aimed to discover a novel periodontal pathogen by using DNA sequencing and investigate its role in the progression of periodontitis.
Objective
This study identified pathogens from subgingival dental plaque in patients with periodontitis by using the Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) third‐generation sequencing system and validated the impact of selected pathogen in periodontitis progression by ligature‐implanted mice.
Methods
Twenty‐five patients with periodontitis and 25 healthy controls were recruited in this study. Subgingival plaque samples were collected for metagenomic analysis. The ONT third‐generation sequencing system was used to confirm the dominant bacteria. A mouse model with ligature implantation and bacterial injection verified the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Neutrophil infiltration and osteoclast activity were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase assays in periodontal tissue. Gingival inflammation was evaluated using pro‐inflammatory cytokines in gingival crevicular fluids. Alveolar bone destruction in the mice was evaluated using micro‐computed tomography and hematoxylin and eosin staining.
Results
Scardovia wiggsiae (S. wiggsiae) was dominant in the subgingival plaque of the patients with periodontitis. S. wiggsiae significantly deteriorated ligature‐induced neutrophil infiltration, osteoclast activation, alveolar bone destruction, and the secretion of interleukin‐6, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, and tumor necrosis factor‐α in the mouse model.
Conclusion
Our metagenome results suggested that S. wiggsiae is a dominant flora in patients with periodontitis. In mice, the induction of neutrophil infiltration, proinflammatory cytokine secretion, osteoclast activation, and alveolar bone destruction further verified the pathogenic role of S. wiggsiae in the progress of periodontitis. Future studies investigating the metabolic interactions between S. wiggsiae and other periodontopathic bacteria are warranted.
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