Abstract Few studies attempt to measure changes to discharge hydrographs during floods resulting from nature-based Solutions (NbS) for risk mitigation. The Q-NFM project in the UK has sought to ...measure and compare such changes for a wide range of NbS pilots applied to managed grasslands and woodlands. Also measured were underlying shifts in key hydrological processes leading to flood hydrograph changes of enhanced evaporation, hillslope-, channel- and floodplain-storage, and infiltration. How well particular NbS pilots changed these processes to reduce flood hydrographs was found to depend on the attributes of the NbS features and scheme. This learning is presented for the first time to highlight, with supporting evidence, seven potential criteria to help practitioners of flood risk management to improve existing and future designs of NbS for more effective flood mitigation within temperate grassland and woodland environments.
Abstract
Context
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors reduce weight and improve insulin sensitivity via different mechanisms.
Objective
The efficacy ...of once-weekly exenatide (EQW) and dapagliflozin (DAPA) alone and coadministered (EQW/DAPA), DAPA/extended-release (ER) metformin (DAPA/MET), and phentermine topiramate extended release (PHEN/TPM) on metabolic parameters, body composition, and sex hormones were examined in obese women with PCOS.
Methods
Nondiabetic women (n = 119; aged 18-45 years) with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 and less than 45 and polycystic ovary syndrome (National Institutes of Health criteria) were randomly assigned in a single-blinded fashion to EQW (2 mg weekly); DAPA (10 mg daily), EQW/DAPA (2 mg weekly/10 mg daily), DAPA (10 mg)/MET (2000 mg XR daily), or PHEN (7.5 mg)/TPM (46 mg ER daily) treatment for 24 weeks. Study visits at baseline and 24 weeks included weight, blood pressure (BP), waist (WC) measures, and body composition evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Oral glucose tolerance tests were conducted to assess glycemia and mean blood glucose (MBG), and compute insulin sensitivity (SI) and secretion (IS) measures. Sex steroids, free androgen index (FAI), and lipid profiles were measured in the fasting sample.
Results
EQW/DAPA and PHEN/TPM resulted in the most loss of weight and total body fat by DXA, and WC. Despite equivalent reductions in BMI and WC with PHEN/TPM, only EQW/DAPA and EQW resulted in significant improvements in MBG, SI, and IS. Reductions in fasting glucose, testosterone, FAI, and BP were seen with all drugs.
Conclusion
Dual therapy with EQW/DAPA was superior to either alone, DAPA/MET and PHEN/TPM in terms of clinical and metabolic benefits in this patient population.
A palladium(II)‐catalyzed γ‐C−H amination of cyclic alkyl amines to deliver highly substituted azetidines is reported. The use of a benziodoxole tosylate oxidant in combination with AgOAc was found ...to be crucial for controlling a selective reductive elimination pathway to the azetidines. The process is tolerant of a range of functional groups, including structural features derived from chiral α‐amino alcohols, and leads to the diastereoselective formation of enantiopure azetidines.
Crucial combo: A PdII‐catalyzed γ‐C−H amination of cyclic alkyl amines delivers highly substituted azetidines. The use of a benziodoxole tosylate oxidant in combination with AgOAc was crucial for controlling the selective reductive elimination pathway to the azetidines. The process is tolerant of a range of functional groups, including structural features derived from chiral α‐amino alcohols, and leads to the diastereoselective formation of enantiopure azetidines.
There is comparatively limited information in the humid tropics on the surface and sub-surface permeability of: (i) forests which have been impacted by multi-decades of human occupancy and (ii) ...forestation of land in various states of degradation. Even less is known about the dominant stormflow pathways for these respective scenarios. We sampled field saturated hydraulic conductivity,
K
∗ at 23 sites at four depths (0
m,
n
=
166), (0.10
m,
n
=
139), 0.45–0.60
m,
n
=
117, (1.35–1.50
m,
n
=
117) under less disturbed forest (Forest), disturbed production forest of various local species (Degraded Forest) and tree-plantations (
Acacia auriculiformes, 7–10
years old,
Tectona grandis, ∼25–30
years old,
Casuarina equisetifolia, 12
years old) in the Uttar Kannada district, Karnataka, India, in the Western Ghats. The sampling strategy was also undertaken across three physiographic blocks and under three main soil types. Subsequently the determined
K
∗ were then linked with rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) characteristics to infer the dominant stormflow pathways.
The Degraded Forest shows an
order of magnitude decline in
K
∗ at the surface as result of human impacts at decadal to century time scales. The lowest surface permeability is associated with the Degraded Forests over the Laterite (
Eutric Nitosols and
Acrisols) and Red soils (
Eutric Nitosols) and infiltration-excess overland flow, IOF probably occurs. Further there is a progressive decline in
K
∗ with depth in these soils supporting Degraded Forests. The
A. auriculiformes plantations over the Red and Lateritic soils are progressively restoring the near-surface
K
∗, but their
K
∗ still remain
quite low when compared to the less disturbed forest permeability. Consequently these plantations still retain the ‘memory’ from the previous degraded state. In contrast the permeability of the Black soils (Vertisols) are relatively insensitive to
T. grandis plantations and this soil group has a very low
K
∗, irrespective of land cover, so that IOF likely prevails. Overall, the Laterites are the most variable in
K
∗ when compared to the other soil groups. Thus when compared to other studies, IOF is probably more prevalent in this region. More especially so, when taking into account the marked reduction in surface
K
∗ during the wet season when compared to dry season measurements. In addition, we have demonstrated the potential for the ‘infiltration – trade-off’ hypothesis to be realized in this landscape under certain conditions of land degradation and restoration. It is most relevant to the combination of degraded sites and
A. auriculiformes plantations on Red or Laterite soils using the less disturbed forests as the baseline. The intensity of forest use and effects of monoculture plantations on soil ecology (relative to native, mixed forests) is likely to be the critical factor in affecting surface
K
∗ over time. Predicted changes in the intensity of rain events in the future is likely to enhance overland flow on degraded sites on all soils and especially on Black soils, and restoration efforts by all stake-holders, preferably using native or non-invasive species, are needed to address this concern.
Methods for the synthesis and functionalization of amines are intrinsically important to a variety of chemical applications. We present a general carbon-hydrogen bond activation process that combines ...readily available aliphatic amines and the feedstock gas carbon monoxide to form synthetically versatile value-added amide products. The operationally straightforward palladium-catalyzed process exploits a distinct reaction pathway, wherein a sterically hindered carboxylate ligand orchestrates an amine attack on a palladium anhydride to transform aliphatic amines into β-lactams. The reaction is successful with a wide range of secondary amines and can be used as a late-stage functionalization tactic to deliver advanced, highly functionalized amine products of utility for pharmaceutical research and other areas.
► Transfer function models were used to identify the dominant modes of stream response. ► In most cases, a first order linear model adequately identified the dominant mode. ► There was a consistent ...pattern of time constants between catchments. ► A small catchment on permeable sandstone showed more water on slower pathways. ► The role of deep flow pathways through permeable rock needs to be quantified.
Understanding hydrological flow pathways is important for modelling stream response, in order to address a range of environmental problems such as flood prediction, prediction of chemical loads and identification of contaminant pathways for subsequent remediation. This paper describes the use of parametrically efficient, low order models to identify the dominant modes of stream response for catchments within the Upper Eden, UK. A first order linear model adequately identified the dominant mode in all but one of the sub-catchments. A consistent pattern of time constants and pure time delays between catchments was observed over different periods of data. In the nested catchments, time constants increased as the catchment size increased from 1.1
km
2 at Gais Gill (2–7
h) to 69.4
km
2 at Kirkby Stephen (5–10
h) to 223.4
km
2 at Great Musgrave (7–16
h) to 616.4
km
2 at Temple Sowerby (11–22
h), but Blind Beck (a small catchment 8.8
km
2, time constants 11–21
h) had time constants most similar to Temple Sowerby. This was attributed to a combination of the storage role of permeable rock strata, where present, and the effect of scale on sub-surface and channel routing. A first order model could not be identified for the 1.0
km
2 Low Hall catchment, which comprises permeable sandstone overlain by Quaternary sediments. A second-order model of Low Hall stream showed a higher proportion of water taking a slower pathway (76% via a slow pathway; time constant 252
h) than a model with the same structure for the 8.8
km
2 Blind Beck (46% via slow pathway; time constant 60
h), where only 38% of the basin was underlain by the same permeable sandstone. This highlights the need to quantify the role of deep pathways through permeable rock, where present, in addition to the effect of catchment size on response times.
Long-term (21—30 years) erosional responses of rainforest terrain in the Upper Segama catchment, Sabah, to selective logging are assessed at slope, small and large catchment scales. In the 0.44 km 2 ...Baru catchment, slope erosion measurements over 1990—2010 and sediment fingerprinting indicate that sediment sources 21 years after logging in 1989 are mainly road-linked, including fresh landslips and gullying of scars and toe deposits of 1994—1996 landslides. Analysis and modelling of 5—15 min stream-suspended sediment and discharge data demonstrate a reduction in storm-sediment response between 1996 and 2009, but not yet to pre-logging levels. An unmixing model using bed-sediment geochemical data indicates that 49 per cent of the 216 t km -2 a -1 2009 sediment yield comes from 10 per cent of its area affected by road-linked landslides. Fallout 210 Pb and 137 Cs values from a lateral bench core indicate that sedimentation rates in the 721 km 2 Upper Segama catchment less than doubled with initially highly selective, low-slope logging in the 1980s, but rose 7—13 times when steep terrain was logged in 1992—1993 and 1999—2000. The need to keep steeplands under forest is emphasized if landsliding associated with current and predicted rises in extreme rainstorm magnitude-frequency is to be reduced in scale.
Reading the museum Chappell, Lindsey N.
Literature compass,
January-March 2024, 2024-01-00, 20240101, Letnik:
21, Številka:
1-3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The museum is not a neutral container, a passive collection of art and artifacts. Rather the museum is itself a historical argument, using objects and their relations to write our collective stories. ...This essay shows how the museum, as it developed within nineteenth‐century European imperialism, directs meaning both within and beyond literature. The museum integrates readers into its collections and its narratives, directing them figuratively and literally through exhibits. Nineteenth‐century literature, I argue, capitalizes on this dynamic interplay among the collection, the viewing subject, and the museum's ideologies. In both poetry and prose the museum appears as a place, a concept, and a form. For example, William Thackeray's “May Day Ode” shows how the Crystal Palace and the 1851 Great Exhibition facilitate an imperialist agenda. The galleries in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice and Charlotte Brontë’s Villette, meanwhile, are not just places the characters go; they also exert control over how characters (and readers) experience and evaluate collections. Across these texts, the museum is setting and theme. But, I argue, the museum also works as form, curating the collections, the characters who visit them, and the readers who access the narrative through museum logics. In conjunction with literary examples and an overview of scholarly conversations around nineteenth‐century museum studies, I consider how the museum continues to direct bodies, interpretations, and ideas today by drawing on my experiences using museums in the college classroom.
In April–July 2008, intensive measurements were made of atmospheric composition and chemistry in Sabah, Malaysia, as part of the "Oxidant and particle photochemical processes above a South-East Asian ...tropical rainforest" (OP3) project. Fluxes and concentrations of trace gases and particles were made from and above the rainforest canopy at the Bukit Atur Global Atmosphere Watch station and at the nearby Sabahmas oil palm plantation, using both ground-based and airborne measurements. Here, the measurement and modelling strategies used, the characteristics of the sites and an overview of data obtained are described. Composition measurements show that the rainforest site was not significantly impacted by anthropogenic pollution, and this is confirmed by satellite retrievals of NO2 and HCHO. The dominant modulators of atmospheric chemistry at the rainforest site were therefore emissions of BVOCs and soil emissions of reactive nitrogen oxides. At the observed BVOC:NOx volume mixing ratio (~100 pptv/pptv), current chemical models suggest that daytime maximum OH concentrations should be ca. 105 radicals cm−3, but observed OH concentrations were an order of magnitude greater than this. We confirm, therefore, previous measurements that suggest that an unexplained source of OH must exist above tropical rainforest and we continue to interrogate the data to find explanations for this.
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