Spin glasses and complexity Stein, Daniel L; Stein, Daniel L; Newman, Charles M
2013., 20130115, 2013, Letnik:
4
eBook
Spin glasses are disordered magnetic systems that have led to the development of mathematical tools with an array of real-world applications, from airline scheduling to neural networks.Spin Glasses ...and Complexityoffers the most concise, engaging, and accessible introduction to the subject, fully explaining what spin glasses are, why they are important, and how they are opening up new ways of thinking about complexity.
This one-of-a-kind guide to spin glasses begins by explaining the fundamentals of order and symmetry in condensed matter physics and how spin glasses fit into--and modify--this framework. It then explores how spin-glass concepts and ideas have found applications in areas as diverse as computational complexity, biological and artificial neural networks, protein folding, immune response maturation, combinatorial optimization, and social network modeling.
Providing an essential overview of the history, science, and growing significance of this exciting field, Spin Glasses and Complexityalso features a forward-looking discussion of what spin glasses may teach us in the future about complex systems. This is a must-have book for students and practitioners in the natural and social sciences, with new material even for the experts.
Across the globe, from mega-cities to isolated resource enclaves, the provision and governance of security takes place within assemblages that are de-territorialized in terms of actors, technologies, ...norms and discourses. They are embedded in a complex transnational architecture, defying conventional distinctions between public and private, global and local. Drawing on theories of globalization and late modernity, along with insights from criminology, political science and sociology, Security Beyond the State maps the emergence of the global private security sector and develops a novel analytical framework for understanding these global security assemblages. Through in-depth examinations of four African countries – Kenya, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and South Africa – it demonstrates how global security assemblages affect the distribution of social power, the dynamics of state stability, and the operations of the international political economy, with significant implications for who gets secured and how in a global era.
Arthropod resistant crops reduce pesticide pollution, alleviate hunger and improve human nutrition. Plant Resistance to Arthropods - Molecular and Conventional Approaches synthesizes new information ...about the environmental advantages of plant resistance, transgenic resistance, the molecular bases of resistance, and the use of molecular markers to map resistance genes. Readers are presented in-depth descriptions of techniques to quantify resistance, factors affecting resistance expression, and the deployment of resistance genes. New information about gene-for-gene interactions between resistant plants and arthropod biotypes is discussed along with the recent examples of using arthropod resistant plants in integrated pest management systems.
The spread of farming from western Asia to Europe had profound long-term social and ecological impacts, but identification of the specific nature of Neolithic land management practices and the ...dietary contribution of early crops has been problematic. Here, we present previously undescribed stable isotope determinations of charred cereals and pulses from 13 Neolithic sites across Europe (dating ca . 5900–2400 cal B.C.), which show that early farmers used livestock manure and water management to enhance crop yields. Intensive manuring inextricably linked plant cultivation and animal herding and contributed to the remarkable resilience of these combined practices across diverse climatic zones. Critically, our findings suggest that commonly applied paleodietary interpretations of human and herbivore δ ¹⁵N values have systematically underestimated the contribution of crop-derived protein to early farmer diets.
Objective
To examine the association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and self-rated health status among a representative sample of the Brazilian population.
Methods
This study consists of a secondary ...analysis of the existing 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS). Logistic regression models were then used to examine the association between self-reported health status and BMI, while controlling for obesity-related medical conditions and socio-demographic characteristics.
Results
The representative sample included 34,021 men and 34,430 women, comprising a total sample of 68,451. Men living with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m
2
) had, on average, a lower self-reported health status score (OR = 0.69,
p
< 0.01) compared to men within a healthy weight BMI range (18.5–25 kg/m
2
). Women living with obesity had, on average, a lower self-reported health status score (OR = 0.56,
p
< 0.01) compared to women within a healthy weight BMI range (18.5–25 kg/m
2
). There was also a statistically significant negative association (
p
< 0.01) between our obesity-related medical conditions and self-reported health for men and women. We also find some evidence of a non-linear association between BMI and health status for men.
Conclusions
The findings indicate that there is a statistically significant negative association between BMI and self-reported health for Brazilian men and women living with obesity. These findings reinforce the importance of addressing this growing public health challenge and the value of preventive measures and effective public health programs that focus on improving overall health and quality of life for individuals living with obesity.
An examination of the therapeutics and diagnostics use of porphyrinoids including phthalocyanines and glycosylated porphyrins is offered. Topics covered include glycosylated phthalocyanines, ...glycosylated chlorins, isobacteriochlorins and bacteriochlorins and glycosylated porphyrazines.
CYP2C19 catalyzes the bioactivation of the antiplatelet prodrug clopidogrel, and CYP2C19 genotype impacts clopidogrel active metabolite formation. CYP2C19 intermediate and poor metabolizers who ...receive clopidogrel experience reduced platelet inhibition and increased risk for major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. This guideline is an update to the 2013 Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for the use of clopidogrel based on CYP2C19 genotype and includes expanded indications for CYP2C19 genotype‐guided antiplatelet therapy, increased strength of recommendation for CYP2C19 intermediate metabolizers, updated CYP2C19 genotype to phenotype translation, and evidence from an expanded literature review (updates at www.cpicpgx.org).
How professionalization and scholarly "rigor" made social scientists increasingly irrelevant to US national security policy
To mobilize America's intellectual resources to meet the security ...challenges of the post-9/11 world, US Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates observed that "we must again embrace eggheads and ideas." But the gap between national security policymakers and international relations scholars has become a chasm.
InCult of the Irrelevant, Michael Desch traces the history of the relationship between the Beltway and the Ivory Tower from World War I to the present day. Recounting key Golden Age academic strategists such as Thomas Schelling and Walt Rostow, Desch's narrative shows that social science research became most oriented toward practical problem-solving during times of war and that scholars returned to less relevant work during peacetime. Social science disciplines like political science rewarded work that was methodologically sophisticated over scholarship that engaged with the messy realities of national security policy, and academic culture increasingly turned away from the job of solving real-world problems.
In the name of scientific objectivity, academics today frequently engage only in basic research that they hope will somehow trickle down to policymakers. Drawing on the lessons of this history as well as a unique survey of current and former national security policymakers, Desch offers concrete recommendations for scholars who want to shape government work. The result is a rich intellectual history and an essential wake-up call to a field that has lost its way.
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