Proper variance partitioning and estimation of genetic parameters at appropriate time interval is crucial for understanding the dynamics of trait variance and genetic correlations and for deciding ...the future breeding strategy of the population. This study was conducted on the same premise to estimate genetic parameters of major economic traits in a White Leghorn strain IWH using Bayesian approach and to identify the role of maternal effects in the regulation of trait variance. Three different models incorporating the direct additive effect (Model 1), direct additive and maternal genetic effect (Model 2) and direct additive, maternal genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects (Model 3) were tried to estimate the genetic parameters for body weight traits (birth weight, body weight at 16, 20, 40 and 52 weeks), Age at sexual maturity (ASM), egg production traits (egg production up to 24, 28, 40, 52, 64 and 72 weeks) and egg weight traits (egg weight at 28, 40 and 52 weeks). Model 2 and Model 3 with maternal effects were found to be the best having the highest accuracy for almost all the traits. The direct additive genetic heritability was moderate for ASM, moderate to high for body weight traits and egg weight traits and low to moderate for egg production traits. Though the maternal heritability (h.sup.2 .sub.mat) and permanent environmental effect (c.sup.2 .sub.mpe) was low (<0.1) for most of the traits, they formed an important component of trait variance. Traits like egg weight at 28 weeks (0.14±0.06) and egg production at 72 weeks (0.13±0.07) reported comparatively higher values for c.sup.2 .sub.mpe and h.sup.2 .sub.mat respectively. Additive genetic correlation was high and positive between body weight traits, between egg weight traits, between consecutive egg production traits and between body weight and egg weight traits. However, a negative genetic correlation existed between egg production and egg weight traits, egg production and body weight traits, ASM and early egg production traits. Overall, a moderate positive genetic correlation was estimated between ASM and body weight traits and ASM and egg weight traits. Based on our findings, we can deduce that maternal effects constitute an important source of variation for all the major economic traits in White Leghorn and should be necessarily considered in genetic evaluation programs.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Variance and covariance components of growth and production traits were analyzed employing REML animal model to assess the Dahlem Red (PD-3) chicken population for direct additive genetic, maternal ...effects and to estimate the estimated breeding value (EBV), genetic parameters, genetic trends and rate of inbreeding (ΔF) utilizing seven generation's data. The generation and hatch had significant (P≤0.01) effect on the body weight at 0 day (BW0), 2 (BW2), 4 (BW4) and 6 weeks (BW6) and shank length at six weeks of age (SL6). The average least squares means (LSM) for BW6 and SL6 were 273.93±0.62 g and 53.97±0.05 mm, respectively. All the production traits were significantly (P≤0.01) influenced by generation and hatch. The average LSM for age at sexual maturity (ASM), egg production up to 40 weeks (EP40) and egg mass up to 40 weeks (EM40) were 168.82±0.25 d, 72.60±0.41 eggs and 4.21±0.07 kg, respectively. Model 5 with additive direct, maternal genetic, maternal permanent environmental and residual variance components was the best for BW0, BW2 and BW4 based on the AIC values obtained in WOMBAT. Model 4 was the best model for BW6, SL6, ASM, EP40 and EM40 with additive direct, maternal permanent environmental and residual variance components. Maternal effects were higher during early age, decreased with age, and remained present until 20 weeks of age. The heritability (h2) estimates were low to moderate in magnitude for all the growth traits and ranged from 0.02±0.03 to 0.19±0.03. The maternal heritability was high at hatch (0.35±0.06), decreased gradually until 4th week (0.02±0.01) and ceased afterwards. The heritabilities of EP40 (0.11±0.03) and EM40 (0.12±0.04) were low. The direct additive genetic correlations (ra) between BW2, BW4, BW6 and SL6 were high and positive (P≤ 0.05). The additive genetic and maternal permanent environmental correlation between EP40 and EM40 were high and positive (P≤ 0.05). The EBV of EM40 was significant (P≤ 0.05) with 0.48 kg/generation in PD-3 chicken at the end of the seventh generation. The EBV of EP40 showed an increasing trend with a genetic gain of 1.87 eggs per generation. The average inbreeding coefficient of the population was 0.019 and average ΔF was 0.007 over the last seven generations of selection. The EBV trends for primary and associated traits showed linear trends in the desired direction and negligible inbreeding.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract Exotic neutron-rich nuclei play an important role in r -process nucleosynthesis. We study the effect of including proper nuclear structure to calculate neutron capture and ...photodisintegration rates, especially for 19 C and 20 N, under the aegis of post-form distorted wave Born approximation (FRDWBA). Considering a network of neutron-rich C–N–O isotopes, we show the effect on abundance calculations in a neutrino-driven wind environment of a core-collapse supernova at two critical temperatures T 9 = 3.4 and 0.62. The results are compared for nuclear physics inputs sourced from the FRDWBA, statistical estimates, and standard databases. At temperatures T 9 = 3.4, where alpha capture, or at T 9 = 0.62, where the neutron capture dominates, one can distinguish the effect of accounting for the exotic nature of the nuclei involved. Furthermore, we assess the impact of varying neutron capture and photodisintegration rates involving halo or bubble structures on the abundances within the network.
Earthquakes in the Himalayas pose a significant hazard to the densely populated Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). Due to liquefaction of soils, ground settlements and structural tilting are prevalent ...during earthquakes. This study aims to identify liquefaction potential zones in the North-Bihar region of the East Ganga Plains by performing morphotectonic analysis over six drainage basins and liquefaction susceptibility mapping using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) while taking site-specific parameters into account. The Index of Relative Active Tectonic (IRAT) value for Gandak and Mahananda was determined to be 1, indicating that the basins are extremely active, whereas Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, and Kosi were moderately active with a 2 IRAT value. The Kamla basin is the least active with an IRAT value of 4. The Liquefaction Susceptibility Map (LSM) was divided into three categories: liquefaction not likely (24%), liquefaction possible (45%), and liquefaction likely (31%); the estimated RMSE values were 0.0084, 0.00048, and 0.00031, respectively. The integrated analysis, which employs both techniques, demonstrates how the individual basins will be affected by liquefaction during an earthquake. The proposed methodology would be beneficial to decision-makers when designing strategies for urban planning projects, as well as structural engineers when selecting sites for field-based surveys.
.
The one-neutron halos lying in the island of inversion around
N
=
20
has provided the podium to study the variation of total low-lying dipole strength with the neutron separation energy. We study ...three probable
p
-wave one-neutron halo candidates
31
Ne and
34
Na and
37
Mg lying in the island of inversion. A simple analytic model has been used for the calculation of the total low-lying dipole strength for the medium mass
p
-wave one-neutron halos. A correction factor to this analytical model has been estimated with a realistic Woods-Saxon potential. A comparison of these analytic calculations has been made with those performed by a finite-range distorted-wave Born approximation theory of the Coulomb dissociation. We also make an estimate of the one-neutron separation energies of
31
Ne,
34
Na and
37
Mg.
In March 2018, a large fissure closely parallel to the eastern rift belt of the East African Rift (EAR) system in Kenya emerged across the highway near Mai Mahiu town. It raises the possibility of ...rift tectonics aided by subsurface erosion. A thorough investigation was made based on remote sensing-based lineament analysis, land surface deformation by spaceborne geodetic techniques, and rainfall pattern vs denudational processes in the affected area in relation to local geology to adjudge the cause of the aseismic fissure. By conventional and advanced differential interferometric SAR (DInSAR and ADInSAR) and GNSS data analyses aided by the knowledge of generalised rift direction obtained from remote-sensing based lineament analysis, we inferred miniature dike intrusion and reactivation of pre-existing fault in a transiently elevated extensional regime. Episodic magmatic inflation in the Mt Longonot volcano and sudden increase in hydrological loading due to prolonged torrential rainfall led to the elevated extension and fracturing of the magma chamber, which prompted to miniature dyke intrusion along the pre-existing NNW-SSE fault, reactivation of faults and fractures and subtle rifting on SW dipping normal fault. Further, internal erosion in porous and permeable sandy soil and volcaniclastic deposits led to cavity formation along the reactivated weak plane, which finally led to the emergence of the ground fissure. In this paper, we presented our observations on volcano movements (due to magmatic inflation), reactivation of the pre-existing fault(s)/fracture(s) and, finally, their linkage with the formation of the surface fissure in an area with favourable geomorphology, rock and soil properties for internal erosion during heavy torrential rainfall.
In order to examine the progressive chemical evolution of halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) in altered ocean crust (AOC) during prograde subduction, this study compares bulk and in situ halogen concentrations ...in mafic samples from three petrogenetically related exhumed terrains in the Western Alps (the Chenaillet ophiolite, the Queyras ophiolites of the Schistes Lustrés, and the Monviso ophiolite). Samples from the Chenaillet ophiolite represent oceanic crust unaffected by metamorphic halogen loss and define a protolith halogen content (122 μg/g F, 29 μg/g Cl, 82 ng/g Br, and 98 ng/g I). Samples from the Queyras ophiolites experienced blueschist facies conditions, undergoing recrystallization and halogen loss (74 μg/g F, 19 μg/g Cl, 70 ng/g Br, and 63 ng/g I). Eclogite facies samples from the Monviso meta‐ophiolite exhibit markedly reduced Cl (8 μg/g Cl) and Br (42 ng/g Br) contents relative to samples from Chenaillet and Queyras. Using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), F and Cl host minerals (e.g., amphibole, chlorite, epidote) are identified and characterized in selected samples, showing a broad distribution of F and Cl, lending support to the view that halogen devolatilization in the subducting slab occurs continuously and is not dependent on the breakdown of a particular phase. In situ Cl concentrations decrease significantly between sub‐greenschist and blueschist assemblages. Fluorine is retained within subducting AOC and is decoupled from the heavy halogens (Cl, Br, I), which undergo continuous devolatilization during prograde metamorphism.
Plain Language Summary
Halogens are volatile elements found predominantly in the Earth's oceans and sediments. During hydrothermal processes, they bond with other elements to form volatile‐bearing minerals. Tectonic processes can bring halogen‐enriched rocks into subduction zones, regions where one tectonic plate submerges beneath another. Subduction governs the transport of material from Earth's surface to its interior, influencing the chemical evolution of the crust, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and mantle. As the subducting plate carries rocks to greater depths beneath the surface, volatile‐bearing minerals destabilize, releasing volatile components as fluids. Halogens alter the properties of subduction‐derived fluids and impact the behavior of other biologically, climatically, and economically important elements (e.g., H2O, CO2, Au). Due to the influential role of halogens in subduction zone environments, the timing and extent of halogen loss must be constrained. This study investigates metamorphic rock samples from the Western Alps which underwent halogen‐enrichment followed by subduction and devolatilization. Results show that halogens behave differently from each other. Fluorine is not removed; it is retained until deep in the subduction zone and is returned to the Earth's mantle. The efficient removal of the other halogens occurs early in subduction (<60 km depth) and is not linked to the destabilization of a specific mineral.
Key Points
Exhumed ophiolites in the Western Alps record prograde subduction zone metamorphism and halogen devolatilization of altered ocean crust
Results show halogen decoupling. Fluorine is retained, whereas heavy halogens are mobilized from mafic rocks in the subducting slab
Devolatilization of altered ocean crust occurs early in subduction; a significant portion of Cl, Br, and I is lost prior to eclogite facies
Myostatin (MSTN), a growth differentiation factor-8 regulates muscular development through its receptors, ACVR2A (Activin receptor type IIA) and ACVR2B (Activin receptor type IIB) by inhibiting ...cellular differentiation of developing somites during embryonic stage and diminishing myofibriller growth during post-embryonic period. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of knockdown of expression of myostatin, ACVR2A and ACVR2B genes on growth traits in chicken. The shRNAs for Myostatin, ACVR2A and ACVR2B genes were designed, synthesized and cloned in DEST vector. The recombinant molecules were transfected into the spermatozoa and transfected spermatozoa were inseminated artificially to the hens to obtain fertile eggs. The fertile eggs were collected, incubated in the incubator and hatched to chicks. Silencing of ACVR2B gene showed significantly higher body weight than other single, double and triple knock down of genes in transgenic birds. The carcass traits such as dressing%, leg muscle%, and breast muscle% were found with the highest magnitudes in birds with silencing of the ACVR2B gene as compared to the birds with that of other genes and control group. The lowest serum cholesterol and HDL content was found in ACVR2B silencing birds. The total RBC count was the highest in this group though the differential counts did not differ significantly among various silencing and control groups of birds. It is concluded that silencing of only one receptor of MSTN particularly, ACVR2B may augment the highest growth in chicken during juvenile stage. Our findings may be used as model for improving growth in other food animals and repairing muscular degenerative disorders in human and other animals.
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