•Chitosan is studied for bone regeneration applications owing to its tunable chemical and biological properties.•It has limitations including its water insolubility, lack of mechanical strength and ...weak antimicrobial property.•Chitosan with other polymers and ceramics (hydroxyapatite, bioglass ceramic) improves its applications in bone regeneration.•Functionalization of chitosan structure through chemical modifications also provides a solution to these limitations.•Modifications of chitosan such as quaternization, carboxyalkylation, and phosphorylation are studied in bone tissue engineering.
Critical-sized bone defects treated with biomaterials offer an efficient alternative to traditional methods involving surgical reconstruction, allografts, and metal implants. Chitosan, a natural biopolymer is widely studied for bone regeneration applications owing to its tunable chemical and biological properties. However, the potential of chitosan to repair bone defects is limited due to its water insolubility, faster in vivo depolymerization, hemo-incompatibility, and weak antimicrobial property. Functionalization of chitosan structure through various chemical modifications provides a solution to these limitations. In this review, current trends of using chitosan as a composite with other polymers and ceramics, and its modifications such as quaternization, carboxyalkylation, hydroxylation, phosphorylation, sulfation and copolymerization in bone tissue engineering are elaborated.
Having various limitations in conventional drug delivery system, it is important to focus on the target-specific drug delivery system where we can deliver the drug without any degradation. Among ...various challenges that are thrown to a formulation scientist, delivering the drug to its right site, in its right dose, is also an important aim. A focused drug transport aims to extend, localize, target and have a safe drug interaction with the diseased tissue.
The aim of targeted drug delivery is to make the required amount of the drug available at its desired site of action. Drug targeting can be accomplished in a number of ways that include enzyme mediation, pH-dependent release, use of special vehicles, receptor targeting, among other mechanisms. Intelligently designed targeted drug delivery systems also offer the advantages of a low dose of the drug along with reduced side effects which ultimately improves patient compliance. Incidences of dose dumping and dosage form failure are negligible. A focused drug transport aims to have a safe drug interaction with the diseased tissue.
This review focuses on the available targeting techniques from experiment to perfection for delivery to the colon, brain, and other sites of interest. Overall, the article should make an excellent read for the researchers in this area. Newer drug targets may be identified and exploited for successful drug targeting.
The platinum (II) complexes as anticancer agents have been well explored for the development of novel analogs. Yet, none of them achieved clinical importance in oncology. At present, anticancer ...compounds containing platinum (II) complexes have been employed in the treatment of colorectal, lung, and genitourinary tumors. Among the platinum-based anticancer drugs, Cisplatin (cis-diamine dichloroplatinum (II), cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2) is one of the most potent components of cancer chemotherapy. The nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and ototoxicity, and platinum compounds associated resistant cancer are some major disadvantages.
With the rapidly growing interest in platinum (II) complexes in tumor chemotherapy, researchers have synthesized many new platinum analogs as anticancer agents that show better cytotoxicity, and less off-target effects with less cellular resistance. This follows the introduction of oxaliplatin, water-soluble carboplatin, multinuclear platinum and newly synthesized complexes, etc. Methods: This review emphasizes recent advancements in drug design and development, the mechanism of platinum (II) complexes, their stereochemistry, current updates, and biomedical applications of platinum-based anticancer agents.
In the last few decades, the popularity of platinum complexes as potent anti-cancer agents has risen as scientists have synthesized many new platinum complexes that exhibit better cytotoxicity coupled with less off-target effects.
Heterocyclic rings have long piqued the interest of medicinal chemists. Quinazolinone is a fused nitrogen‐based heterocyclic moiety. Some of quinazolinone derivatives have emerged as marketed drugs. ...A tremendous number of pharmacological activities such as anticancer, anticonvulsant, antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, MMP inhibitors, antidiabetic, antileishmanial, and hypolipidemic properties have been explored. A number of quinazolinone derivatives have already paved way in various stages of clinical trials. An extensive literature on developed synthetic schemes based on green chemistry and biological activities of quinazolinone has been included in this study. The content of patent filed and granted of various quinazolinone‐based compounds are also mentioned.
Development in the medicinal chemistry of quinazolinone. SAR have been described. In vitro and in vivo biological activities
Iridoids are secondary plant metabolites that are multitarget compounds active against various diseases. Iridoids are structurally classified into iridoid glycosides and non-glycosidic iridoids ...according to the presence or absence of intramolecular glycosidic bonds; additionally, iridoid glycosides can be further subdivided into carbocyclic iridoids and secoiridoids. These monoterpenoids belong to the cyclopentanc-pyran system, which has a wide range of biological activities, including antiviral, anticancer, antiplasmodial, neuroprotective, anti-thrombolytic, antitrypanosomal, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, antihyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory properties. The basic chemical structure of iridoids in plants (the iridoid ring scaffold) is biosynthesized in plants by the enzyme iridoid synthase using 8-oxogeranial as a substrate. With advances in phytochemical research, many iridoid compounds with novel structure and outstanding activity have been identified in recent years. Biologically active iridoid derivatives have been found in a variety of plant families, including Plantaginaceae, Rubiaceae, Verbenaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. Iridoids have the potential of modulating many biological events in various diseases. This review highlights the multitarget potential of iridoids and includes a compilation of recent publications on the pharmacology of iridoids. Several in vitro and in vivo models used, along with the results, are also included in the paper. This paper's systematic summary was created by searching for relevant iridoid material on websites such as Google Scholar, PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, Science Direct, and others. The compilation will provide the researchers with a thorough understanding of iridoid and its congeners, which will further help in designing a large number of potential compounds with a strong impact on curing various diseases.
Amivantamab was approved on May 21st, 2021, by United States food and drug administration with the brand name Rybervant, used particularly for adult patients with exon20 insertion of epithelial ...growth factor receptor with locally advanced metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.
In this review, we explain the non-small cell lung cancer and molecular distinctions between non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. We also conclude numerous components of non-small cell lung cancer, which include signs and symptoms of Amivantamab in inhibiting the cancer cell growth, various clinical trials on Amivantamab, adverse effects, and the contraindications of Amivantamab.
A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the relevant databases like ScienceDirect, PubMed, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar to identify studies.
Amivantamab is a new bispecific antibody that targets non-small cell lung cancer through two different pathways, i.e., by binding to epithelial growth factor receptor and mesenchymal epithelial transition factor. Amivantamab gets tightly bound to Fcγ3R, and thus, mediates the macrophage and NK-cell for the killing of cancer cells. Biological treatment of Amivantamab shows effectiveness against the epithelial growth factor receptor Exon20 insertions according to the preclinical data of the animal model.
Terpenes and terpenoids are the primary bioactive substances present in essential volatile oils, condensed liquids extracted from diverse plant parts. These substances demonstrate remarkable ...biological activity and are frequently used as medicines, food additives, and scent molecules. Terpenoids have a wide range of pharmacological effects on the human body, including the treatment, prevent, and reduce the discomfort associated with a number of chronic illnesses. Therefore, these bioactive substances are crucial to our everyday existence. As most terpenoids are present in complex form, coupled with many other raw plant elements, it is important to identify and characterize these molecules. This article addresses various classes of terpenoids, their biochemical processes, and their biological functions. Additionally, it includes a comprehensive description of several hyphenated procedures and recently popular analytical approaches used for isolation, identification, and absolute characterization. It also includes a discussion of the various advantages, drawbacks, and challenges encountered during the collection of the sample and throughout the entire research process.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB). It mainly affects the lungs and causes severe coughing, fever, and chest pains. With the rising ...prevalence of drug-resistant and inactive Tuberculosis (TB), there is an essential need to discover more effective molecules capable of combating this heinous illness. Pyrazinamide is a first-line tuberculosis therapy that shortens prophylactic duration from twelve to six months. The majority of presently used tuberculosis medications were found by a mix of serendipity and innovative chemical alterations of an existing lead drug. Given that the majority of these discoveries occurred years ago, there is a definite need to use fresh methodologies and technology for discovery to meet the grave danger posed by tuberculosis and the rise of treatment resistance strains. Although current research has provided significant insight into TB transmission, diagnosis, and treatment in the last four years, much more progress is needed to successfully reduce tuberculosis prevalence and eventually eradicate it. The disease continues to be a public health concern, second only to HIV/AIDS in high fatality rates. This review focuses on current efforts to translate the anti-tubercular activity of all known pyrazinamide analogues and proposes a novel approach for developing new anti-tubercular drugs based on the fusion of pyrazinamide with various heterocyclic rings that shorten treatment for drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
Most of the new drug candidates and present ones are lipophilic, which leads to low bioavailability. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) have emerged as promising formulation system for ...poorly water-soluble drug candidates. Over the last two decades, various such drug compounds were used by researchers for the development of SEDDS. At present, many SEDDS formulations are also available in the market. Though SEDDS offer many advantages but drawbacks like low drug loading, few dosage form choices, difficulty in handling and storage led to the solidification of this system by various methods. Solidification by spray drying technique offers a lot of advantages like scalability and stability. This particular method is the focus of this review. Adsorbent carriers have the most significant role in the fate of this formulation and its compatibility with the drug candidate. This review addresses the advantages, method of development, spray drying specifications, and characterization of S-SEDDS in detail. Furthermore, the prospect of turning spray-dried SEDDS into tablets by punching which offers potential advantages of increased bioavailability and stability has also been discussed.
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