We present extensive optical observations of a Type IIn supernova (SN IIn) 2010j1 for the first 1.5 years after its discovery. The UBVRI light curves demonstrated an interesting two-stage evolution ...during the nebular phase, which almost flatten out after about 90 days from the optical maximum. These lines can be well decomposed into a narrow component and an intermediate-width component. The intermediate-width component showed a steady increase in both strength and blueshift with time until t ~ 400 days after maximum, but it became less blueshifted at t ~ 500 days, when the line profile appeared relatively symmetric again. Considering a slow-moving stellar wind (e.g., ~28 km s-l) inferred for the preexisting, dense CSM shell and the extremely high mass-loss rate (1-2 M sub(odot) yr super(-1)), we suggest that the progenitor of SN 2010jl might have experienced a red supergiant stage and may explode finally as a post-red supergiant star with an initial mass above 30-40 M sub(odot).
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) are a family of receptor protein tyrosine kinases that play an important role in the regulation of tumor-induced angiogenesis. Currently, VEGFR ...inhibitors have been widely used in the treatment of various tumors. However, current VEGFR inhibitors are limited to a certain extent due to limited clinical efficacy and potential toxicity, which hinder their clinical application. Thus, the development of new strategies to improve the clinical outcomes and minimize the toxic effects of VEGFR inhibitors is required. Given the synergistic effect of VEGFR and other therapies in tumor development and progression, VEGFR dual-target inhibitors are becoming an attractive approach due to their favorable pharmacodynamics, low toxicity, and anti-resistant effects. This perspective provides an overview of the development of VEGFR dual-target inhibitors from multiple aspects, including rational target combinations, drug discovery strategies, structure-activity relationships and future directions. Keywords: VEGFR kinase, Antitumor drugs, Dual inhibitor, Antiangiogenesis treatment
ABSTRACT We present well-sampled optical observations of the bright Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) SN 2011fe in M101. Our data, starting from ∼16 days before maximum light and extending to ∼463 days after ...maximum, provide an unprecedented time series of spectra and photometry for a normal SN Ia. Fitting the early-time rising light curve, we find that the luminosity evolution of SN 2011fe follows a tn law, with the index n being close to 2.0 in the VRI bands but slightly larger in the U and B bands. Combining the published ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) photometry, we derive the contribution of UV/NIR emission relative to the optical. SN 2011fe is found to have stronger UV emission and reaches its UV peak a few days earlier than other SNe Ia with similar Δm15(B), suggestive of less trapping of high-energy photons in the ejecta. Moreover, the U-band light curve shows a notably faster decline at late phases (t 100-300 days), which also suggests that the ejecta may be relatively transparent to UV photons. These results favor the notion that SN 2011fe might have a progenitor system with relatively lower metallicity. On the other hand, the early-phase spectra exhibit prominent high-velocity features (HVFs) of O i λ7773 and the Ca ii NIR triplet, but only barely detectable in Si ii 6355. This difference can be caused by either an ionization/temperature effect or an abundance enhancement scenario for the formation of HVFs; it suggests that the photospheric temperature of SN 2011fe is intrinsically low, perhaps owing to incomplete burning during the explosion of the white dwarf.
Tibetan-speaking patients seeking care in predominantly Mandarin-speaking healthcare settings frequently face communication barriers, leading to potential disparities and difficulties in accessing ...care. To address this issue, we translated, culturally adapted, and validated the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and the Global Rating of Change (GRoC) into Tibetan (NPRS-Tib and GRoC-Tib), aiming to facilitate cross-linguistic and cross-cultural interactions while examining potential challenges in the adaptation process. Using standard translation-backward translation methods, expert review, pilot testing, and validation through a cross-sectional study with a short-term longitudinal component, we engaged 100 Tibetan patients with musculoskeletal trauma for psychometric validation, including 37 women (aged 22-60 years, mean age 39.1 years). The NPRS-Tib and GRoC-Tib exhibited outstanding psychometric properties, with an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of 0.983 for NPRS-Tib indicating superb test-retest reliability, and expert review confirming good content validity for both instruments. A Spearman's correlation coefficient (Rho) of -0.261 (P = 0.0087) revealed a significant, albeit weak, correlation between changes in NPRS-Tib scores and GRoC-Tib scores. The adaptation process also presented notable challenges, including translation discrepancies from translators' diverse backgrounds and levels of expertise, ambiguity in scale options, and the lack of established tools for criterion validity assessment in Tibetan.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the simulated saliva-gastrointestinal digestion of AABP-2B on its structural features, inhibitory α-glucosidase activity, and human gut ...microbiota. The salivary-gastrointestinal digestion results show that there is no significant change in the molecular weight of AABP-2B, and no free monosaccharides are released. This indicates that, under a simulated digestive condition, AABP-2B is not degraded and can be further utilized by gut microbiota. AABP-2B still possessed good inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase after salivary-gastrointestinal digestion, which may be attributed to the largely unchanged structural characteristics of AABP-2B after simulated digestion. Furthermore, in vitro fecal fermentation with AABP-2B after salivary-gastrointestinal digestion showed that AABP-2B modulated the gut microbiota structure and increased the relative proportions of
,
, and
. AABP-2B can also modify the intestinal flora composition by inhibiting pathogen growth. Moreover, the AABP-2B group resulted in a significant increase in short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) content during fermentation. These findings demonstrate that AABP-2B can be used as a prebiotic or functional food to promote gut health.
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•A homogeneous heteropolysaccharide was isolated and purified from Centipeda minima.•The backbone chain of CMP-2B were 3,6)-α-D-Manp-(1 and 4,6)-β-D-Galp-(1.•CMP-2B possessed ...preferable antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.•CMP-2B could improve insulin resistant in IR-HepG2 cells.
A novel polysaccharide (CMP-2B) was purified from Centipeda minima by anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. Structural characterization revealed that CMP-2B was a homogeneous heteropolysaccharide with an average molecular weight of 113.193 KDa. CMP-2B was made up of mannose, galacturonic acid, galactose and arabinose with a molar ratio of 0.27:0.12:0.42:0.17. The backbone chain of CMP-2B consisted of 3,6)-α-D-Manp-(1 and 4,6)-β-D-Galp-(1, and the branches were comprised of 4)-α-D-GalpA-(1, 6)-β-D-Galp-(1, T-α-L-Araf-(1 and 3)-α-L-Araf -(1. Besides, the results of antioxidant assays revealed that CMP-2B possessed signifcant free radical scavenging ability. Moreover, the results of hypoglycemic assays showed that CMP-2B displayed α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, and could significantly improve glucose consumption, glycogen synthesis and the activity of pyruvate kinase of insulin-resistance HepG2 cells. Overall, these results suggested that CMP-2B could be a new source for functional foods.
The leaf area index (LAI) is one of the core parameters reflecting the growth status of vegetation. The continuous long-term observation of the LAI is key when assessing the dynamic changes in the ...energy exchange of ecosystems and the vegetation’s response indicators to climate change. The errors brought about by non-standard operations in manual LAI measurements hinder the further research utilization of this parameter. The long-term automatic LAI observation network is helpful in reducing errors from manual measurements. To further test the applicability of automatic LAI observation instruments in forest environments, this study carried out comparative validation research of the LAI-NOS (LAI automatic network observation system) at the Wanglang Mountain Ecological Remote Sensing Comprehensive Observation Station, China, comparing it with the results measured by the LAI-2200 Plant Canopy Analyzer (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE, USA), the LAI-probe handheld instrument, and a fisheye lens digital camera (DHP method). Instead of using the original “smoothest window” method, a new method, the “sunrise–sunset” method, is used to extract daily LAI-NOS LAI, and the corresponding confidence level is used to filter the data. The results of the data analysis indicate the following: LAI-NOS has a high data stability. The automatically acquired daily data between two consecutive days has a small deviation and significant correlations. Single-angle/multi-angle LAI measurement results of the LAI-NOS have good correlations with the LAI-2200 (R2 = 0.512/R2 = 0.652), the LAI-probe (R2 = 0.692/R2 = 0.619), and the DHP method (R2 = 0.501/R2 = 0.394). The daily LAI obtained from the improved method, when compared to the original method, both show the same vegetation growth trend. However, the improved method has a smaller dispersion. This study confirms the stability and accuracy of automatic observation instruments in mountainous forests, demonstrating the distinct advantages of automatic measurement instruments in the long-term ground observation of LAIs.
A response surface and Box-Behnken design approach was applied to augment polysaccharide extraction from the residue of Rhizoma gastrodiae. Statistical analysis revealed that the linear and quadratic ...terms for three variables during extraction exhibited obvious effects on extraction yield. The optimum conditions were determined to be a liquid-to-solid ratio of 54 mL/g, an extraction temperature of 74 °C, an extraction time of 66 min, and three extractions. These conditions resulted in a maximum Rhizoma gastrodiae polysaccharide (RGP) extraction yield of 6.11% ± 0.13%. Two homogeneous polysaccharides (RGP-1a and RGP-1b) were obtained using DEAE cellulose-52 and Sephadex G-100 columns. The preliminary characterization of RGP-1a and RGP-1b was performed using HPLC-RID, HPGPC, and FTIR. Tests of the immunological activity in vitro showed that the two polysaccharides could significantly stimulate macrophages to release NO and enhance phagocytosis in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, RGP-1b (200 μg/mL) and LPS (2 μg/mL) had almost the same influence on the NO production and phagocytic activity of RAW 264.7 macrophages (p > 0.05). All the data obtained indicate that RGP-1a and RGP-1b have the potential to be developed as a health food.
Abstract
We have conducted photometric and spectroscopic observations of the peculiar Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) 2016ije that was discovered through the Tsinghua-NAOC Transient Survey. This peculiar ...object exploded in the outskirts of a metal-poor, low-surface brightness galaxy (i.e.,
M
g
= −14.5 mag). Our photometric analysis reveals that SN 2016ije is subluminous (
M
B
,
max
= −17.65 ± 0.06 mag) but exhibits relatively broad light curves (Δ
m
15
(
B
) = 1.35 ± 0.14 mag), similar to the behavior of SN 2002es. Our analysis of the bolometric light curve indicates that only 0.14 ± 0.04
M
⊙
of
56
Ni was synthesized in the explosion of SN 2016ije, which suggests a less energetic thermonuclear explosion when compared to normal SNe Ia, and this left a considerable amount of unburned materials in the ejecta. Spectroscopically, SN 2016ije resembles other SN 2002es-like SNe Ia, except that the ejecta velocity inferred from its carbon absorption line (∼4500 km s
−1
) is much lower than that from silicon lines (∼8300 km s
−1
) at around the maximum light. Additionally, most of the absorption lines are broader than other 02es-like SNe Ia. These peculiarities suggest the presence of significant unburned carbon in the inner region and a wide line-forming region along the line of sight. These characteristics suggest that SN 2016ije might originate from the violent merger of a white dwarf binary system, when viewed near an orientation along the iron-group-element cavity caused by the companion star.
In this study, the physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, antioxidant activities, and in vitro as well as in vivo toxicological safety of emu oil were investigated. Emu oil was shown to ...have a low acid and peroxide value, low amounts of carotenoid and phenolic compounds, and high doses of oleic acid and linoleic acid. Furthermore, in a bacterial reverse mutation assay, emu oil demonstrated no change in the amount of revertant colonies for all strains. In a chromosomal assay, no aberrations occurred in any of the emu oil treatment groups (1.25, 2.5, and 5 μg/mL). In the bone marrow micronucleus test, emu oil up to 20 mL/kg showed no significant increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. Moreover, emu oil up to 19.3 mg/kg body weight did not affect body weight in an acute oral toxicity study. These results are crucial for the adoption of emu oil as an alternative source of edible oil.
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