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Background: Plateau zokor inhabits in sealed burrows from 2,000 to 4,200 meters at Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This extreme living environment makes it a great model to study animal adaptation to hypoxia, ... low temperature, and high carbon dioxide concentration. Methods: We provide an integrated resource, ZokorDB, for tissue specific regulatory network annotation for zokor. ZokorDB is based on a high-quality draft genome of a plateau zokor at 3,300 m and its transcriptional profiles in brain, heart, liver, kidney, and lung. The conserved non-coding elements of zokor are annotated by their nearest genes and upstream transcriptional factor motif binding sites. Results: ZokorDB provides a general draft gene regulatory network (GRN), i.e., potential transcription factor (TF) binds to non-coding regulatory elements and regulates the expression of target genes (TG). Furthermore, we refined the GRN by incorporating matched RNA-seq and DNase-seq data from mouse ENCODE project and reconstructed five tissue-specific regulatory networks. Conclusions: A web-based, open-access database is developed for easily searching, visualizing, and downloading the annotation and data. The pipeline of non-coding region annotation for zokor will be useful for other non-model species. ZokorDB is free available at the website (bigd.big.ac.cn/zokordb/). več

为探讨磷肥品种和施磷方式对灌耕草甸土无机磷形态和有效磷含量的影响，设置重过磷酸钙基施（TSP-B）、磷酸一铵基施（MAP-B）、聚磷酸铵基施（APP-B）、磷酸一铵滴施（MAP-D）、聚磷酸铵滴施（APP-D）和不施磷肥（CK）6个处理，室内培养120d分别测定各土层无机磷和有效磷含量。结果表明：三种磷肥基施处理显著提升5~20cm土层无机磷总量以及0~20cm土层有效磷和Ca2-P含量，而Ca8-P含量仅在5~10cm土层中显著增加（P<0.05）。TSP-B和MAP-B处理显著增加了0~5cm和10~20cm土层中Fe-P含量以及5~10cm和10~20cm土层中Al-P含量（P<0.05）。与MAP-B和APP-B处理相比，MAP-D和APP-D处理均显著增加了0~5cm土层中无机磷总量及有效磷、Ca2-P和Ca8-P含量，且APP-D处理无机磷总量、有效磷含量和Ca2-P含量均显著高于MAP-D处理（P<0.05）。灌耕草甸土无机磷中Ca10-P和O-P占比最高，分别占无机磷总量的37.6%和35.7%，Ca8-P、Al-P和Fe-P分别占14.0%、6.2%和4.8%，Ca2-P仅占1.7%。Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P和O-P与有效磷呈显著正相关（P<0.05），其贡献顺序为Ca2-P>Ca8-P>Al-P>O-P。研究表明，磷肥基施可明显提高灌耕草甸土耕层（0~20cm）中无机磷总量和有效磷含量，而滴施仅能提高其表层（0~5cm）无机磷总量和有效磷含量。无机磷中Ca10-P和O-P含量最高，其后依次为Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P和Ca2-P。对于深根系作物，磷肥应以基施为主，宜选用价格相对较低的酸性的TSP；对于浅根系作物（<5cm），可采用磷肥滴施方式，且聚磷酸铵滴施效果优于磷酸-铵。 This study aimed to investigate the effects of phosphorus fertilizer varieties and application methods on inorganic phosphorus （IP）and available phosphorus（AP）content in irrigated meadow soil, in order to provide a decision-making basis for rational phospho

The introduction of oxygen vacancies (Ov) has been regarded as an effective method to enhance the catalytic performance of photoanodes in oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, their stability ... under highly oxidizing environment is questionable but was rarely studied. Herein, NiFe‐metal–organic framework (NiFe‐MOFs) was conformally coated on oxygen‐vacancy‐rich BiVO4 (Ov‐BiVO4) as the protective layer and cocatalyst, forming a core–shell structure with caffeic acid as bridging agent. The as‐synthesized Ov‐BiVO4@NiFe‐MOFs exhibits enhanced stability and a remarkable photocurrent density of 5.3±0.15 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V (vs. RHE). The reduced coordination number of Ni(Fe)‐O and elevated valence state of Ni(Fe) in NiFe‐MOFs layer greatly bolster OER, and the shifting of oxygen evolution sites from Ov‐BiVO4 to NiFe‐MOFs promotes Ov stabilization. Ovs can be effectively preserved by the coating of a thin NiFe‐MOFs layer, leading to a photoanode of enhanced photocurrent and stability. A core–shell Ov‐BiVO4@NiFe‐MOFs photoanode was constructed via a coordination‐assisted self‐assembly method. A NiFe‐MOFs thin layer acts as protective layer and cocatalyst to shift active sites from oxygen vacancies to NiFe‐MOFs, leading to improved stability and activity for OER. This molecular‐based approach tailors the coordination and electronic structure of active sites and provides mechanistic insights for rational design of photocatalysts. več

•We examined linguistic expressions of surprise in 160 research articles.•These articles were published in two periods of time separated by 30 years.•Recent articles were more likely to express ... surprises triggered by prior knowledge.•They were more likely to express surprises without providing an explanation.•They were more likely to indicate surprises without resolving them. This paper reports on a corpus-based study of linguistic expressions of surprise (i.e., a type of attitude markers functioning as metadiscourse) in 160 applied linguistics research articles that were published in two periods of time separated by 30 years. Unlike previous research on metadiscourse, this study took a frame semantics perspective on surprise as a knowledge emotion and adopted a fine-grained, frame-based analytical framework to examine diachronic trends in the use of surprise markers and their co-occurrence with other types of metadiscourse (i.e., boosters, hedges, and self-mentions). Binary logistic regressions revealed that compared with research articles published earlier, those published more recently were 2.16 times more likely to express surprises triggered by prior knowledge, 2.37 times more likely to express surprises without providing an explanation, and 2.28 times more likely to indicate surprises without resolving them. These results can be explained in terms of the heuristic nature of surprise and the escalating pressure on academics to promote their research strategically. več

A deep understanding of explosive sensitivities and their factors is important for safe and reliable applications. However, quantitative prediction of the sensitivities is difficult. Here, reactive ... molecular dynamics simulation models for high-speed piston impacts on explosive supercells were established. Simulations were also performed to investigate shock-induced reactions of various high-energy explosives. The fraction of reacted explosive molecules in an initial supercell changed linearly with the propagation distance of the shock-wave front. The corresponding slope could be used as a reaction rate for a specific shock-loading velocity. Reaction rates that varied with the shock-loading pressure exhibited two-stage linearities with different slopes. The two inflection points corresponded to the initial and accelerated reactions, which respectively correlated to the thresholds of shock-induced ignition and detonation. Therefore, the ignition and detonation critical pressures could be determined. The sensitivity could then be a quantitative prediction of the critical pressure. The accuracies of the quantitative shock sensitivity predictions were verified by comparing the impact and shock sensitivities of common explosives and the characteristics of anisotropic shock-induced reactions. Molecular dynamics simulations quantitatively predict and rank shock sensitivities by using only crystal structures of the explosives. Overall, this method will enable the design and safe use of explosives. več

Six-year-old Korla fragrant pear trees were fertilized with N-labelled urea before early bud stage to examine the absorption, distribution, and utilization of urea. Results showed that there was a ... significant difference of N distribution rate in organs at different growth stages. N was pre-ferentially distributed in the roots , with Ndff ( N amount absorbed from the fertilizer contribution rate of the total nitrogen organ) being the highest in roots following by new shoots at full-bloom stage. During new shoot growing and fruit expanding stages, N absorbed in roots preferentially moved to new organs (leaves and new shoots), with N distribution rate to roots being continuously decreased. Fruits became the new distribution center with highest Ndff at harvest stage. The amounts of absorbed N in fruits accounted for 19.8% of total absorbed N in the tree. The utilization rate of N-labelled urea at current season increased gradually with the growth stages. The maximum value of utilization rate was 18.5%, which was več

Six-year-old Korla fragrant pear trees were fertilized with 15N-labelled urea before early bud stage to examine the absorption, distribution, and utilization of urea. Results showed that there was a ... significant difference of 15N distribution rate in organs at different growth stages. 15N was pre-ferentially distributed in the roots , with Ndff (15N amount absorbed from the fertilizer contribution rate of the total nitrogen organ) being the highest in roots following by new shoots at full-bloom stage. During new shoot growing and fruit expanding stages, 15N absorbed in roots preferentially moved to new organs (leaves and new shoots), with 15N distribution rate to roots being continuously decreased. Fruits became the new distribution center with highest Ndff at harvest stage. The amounts of absorbed 15N in fruits accounted for 19.8% of total absorbed 15N in the tree. The utilization rate of 15N-labelled urea at current season increased gradually with the growth stages. The maximum value of utilization rate was več

Medication compliance may be a surrogate for factors that improve health outcomes such as fractures. Little is known about the size of this potential “healthy adherer” effect. We evaluated the ... hypothesis that compliance with placebo is associated inversely with bone loss and fractures among women participating in the Fracture Intervention Trial (FIT). Compliance with placebo and alendronate was evaluated using daily medication diaries. Women were defined as having high compliance if they took 80% or more of dispensed study medication. Change in bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed using mixed models comparing women with high versus lower compliance with placebo. Cox proportional‐hazards models analyzed the association between placebo compliance and various types of fractures. Among 3169 women randomized to placebo, 82% had high compliance. Compared with women with lower placebo compliance, bone loss at the total hip was lower in compliant placebo‐treated women (−0.43%/year versus −0.58%/year, p = .04). Among placebo‐treated women, there were 46 hip, 110 wrist, 77 clinical vertebral, and 492 total clinical fractures. Compared with women with lower placebo compliance, women with high placebo compliance had a nonsignificant reduced risk for hip fracture adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30–1.45. This trend was not observed for other fractures. Medication compliance may be a proxy for factors that confers benefit on reducing hip fracture (but not other types of fractures) independent of the effect of the medication itself. Nonrandomized studies of interventions designed to maintain or improve bone density and/or hip fracture may need to consider medication compliance as a confounder to better estimate true intervention effects. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. več