Sensory neurons are distinguished by distinct signaling networks and receptive characteristics. Thus, sensory neuron types can be defined by linking transcriptome-based neuron typing with the sensory ...phenotypes. Here we classify somatosensory neurons of the mouse dorsal root ganglion （DRG） by high-coverage single-cell RNA-sequencing （10 950 ±1 218 genes per neuron） and neuron size-based hierarchical clustering. Moreover, single DRG neurons responding to cutaneous stimuli are recorded using an in vivo whole-cell patch clamp technique and classified by neuron-type genetic markers. Small diameter DRG neurons are classified into one type of low-threshold mechanoreceptor and five types of mechanoheat nociceptors （MHNs）. Each of the MHN types is further categorized into two subtypes. Large DRG neurons are categorized into four types, including neurexophilin 1-expressing MHNs and mechanical nociceptors （MNs） expressing BAil-associated protein 2-like I （Baiap211）. Mechanoreceptors expressing trafficking protein particle complex 3-like and Baiap211-marked MNs are subdivided into two subtypes each. These results provide a new system for cataloging somatosensory neurons and their transcriptome databases.
Smartphone usage has become commonplace and impact on sleep quality among adolescents. Adolescent girls have a greater tendency toward sleep quality problems. However, relationship of sleep quality, ...smartphone dependence, and health-related behaviors in female junior college students has not been studied.
This study had the two goals: to investigate the relationship between female college students' sleep quality, smartphone dependence, and health-related behaviors, and to identify predictors of sleep quality.
This study employed a cross-sectional research approach to gather 409 subjects at a junior college in southern Taiwan, and used a structured questionnaire to collect data. The questionnaire consisted of four parts: basic demographic data, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, assessment of smartphone dependence, and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP). Logistic regression analysis was employed to check for any association between sleep quality and smartphone dependence or HPLP.
Sleep quality was significantly associated with degree of smartphone dependence, total HPLP score, and scores on the four HPLP subscales of nutritional behavior, self-actualization, interpersonal support, and stress management behavior. The lower the subjects' degree of smartphone dependence was, the better their sleep quality was. Furthermore, the degree of smartphone dependence and total HPLP score were significant predictors of sleep quality.
Smartphone dependence is associated with poor sleep quality among female college students. Improving health-related behaviors (nutritional behavior, self-actualization, interpersonal support, and stress management behavior) can also promote improvement in sleep quality.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The rapid assembly of valuable cyclic amine architectures in a single step from simple precursors has been recognized as an ideal platform in term of efficiency and sustainability. Although a vast ...number of studies regarding cyclic amine synthesis has been reported, new synthetic disconnection approaches are still high in demand. Herein, we report a catalytic radical‐polar crossover cycloaddition to cyclic amine synthesis triggered from primary sulfonamide under photoredox condition. This newly developed disconnection, comparable to established synthetic approaches, will allow to construct β, β‐disubstituted cyclic amine and β‐monosubstituted cyclic amine derivatives efficiently. This study highlights the unique utility of primary sulfonamide as a bifunctional reagent, which acts as a radical precursor and a nucleophile. The open‐shell methodology demonstrates broad tolerance to various functional groups, drug derivatives and natural products in an economically and sustainable fashion.
Cyclic amine synthesis has been achieved by a catalytic radical‐polar crossover cycloaddition (RPCC) triggered from primary sulfonamide under photoredox condition. The newly developed disconnection allows to construct β, β‐disubstituted and β‐monosubstituted cyclic amines. This study highlights the unique utility of primary sulfonamides as bifunctional reagents, which act as radical precursors and nucleophiles.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is common and disabling, but its neuropathophysiology remains unclear. Most studies of functional brain networks in MDD have had limited statistical power and data ...analysis approaches have varied widely. The REST-meta-MDD Project of resting-state fMRI (R-fMRI) addresses these issues. Twenty-five research groups in China established the REST-meta-MDD Consortium by contributing R-fMRI data from 1,300 patients with MDD and 1,128 normal controls (NCs). Data were preprocessed locally with a standardized protocol before aggregated group analyses. We focused on functional connectivity (FC) within the default mode network (DMN), frequently reported to be increased in MDD. Instead, we found decreased DMN FC when we compared 848 patients with MDD to 794 NCs from 17 sites after data exclusion. We found FC reduction only in recurrent MDD, not in first-episode drug-naïve MDD. Decreased DMN FC was associated with medication usage but not with MDD duration. DMN FC was also positively related to symptom severity but only in recurrent MDD. Exploratory analyses also revealed alterations in FC of visual, sensory-motor, and dorsal attention networks in MDD. We confirmed the key role of DMN in MDD but found reduced rather than increased FC within the DMN. Future studies should test whether decreased DMN FC mediates response to treatment. All R-fMRI indices of data contributed by the REST-meta-MDD consortium are being shared publicly via the R-fMRI Maps Project.
The generation of photoinduced defects and freely moving halogen ions is dynamically updated in real time. Accordingly, most reported strategies are static and short‐term, which make their ...improvements in photostability very limited. Therefore, seeking new passivation strategies to match the dynamic characteristics of defect generation is very urgent. Without newly generated defects, a passivation molecule should exist in the configuration that would not become the initiation sites for defect generation. With newly generated defects, the passivation molecule should transfer into the other configuration that possesses the passivation sites. Herein, a classical photoisomeric molecule, spiropyran, is adopted, whose pre‐ and post‐isomeric forms meet the requirements for two different configurations, to realize the state transition once the photoinduced defects appear during subsequent operation and dynamic capture for continuous renewal of defects. Consequently, spiropyrans work as light‐triggered and self‐healing sustainable passivation sites to realize continuous defect repair. The target devices retain 93% and 99% of their initial power conversion efficiencies after 456 h aging under ultraviolet illumination and 1200 h aging under full‐spectrum illumination, respectively. This work provides a novel concept of sustainable passivation strategy to realize continuous defect‐passivation and film‐healing in perovskite photovoltaics.
A sustainable dynamic passivation strategy by incorporating a photoisomeric molecule is put forward, which greatly enhances the photostability of perovskite photovoltaics. This dynamic strategy pays attention to and well matches the dynamics of defect generation during operation. The characteristics of the changeable molecular structure enable us to cope with defects updated in operation without introducing excess active sites.
The main reason for large energy loss in all‐inorganic perovskites is ascribed to the slow nucleation and fast crystallization of all‐inorganic perovskite films. Herein, a manipulating strategy is ...demonstrated to simultaneously realize rapid nucleation and slow crystal growth of CsPbI3 perovskite films by employing solvent molecular sieves in the antisolvent. First, the antisolvent treatment of mixed chlorobenzene and ethyl alcohol can induce the instantaneous supersaturation of perovskites to achieve rapid nucleation. Subsequently, the molecular layer of phthalimide (2‐N) molecules on the perovskite surface can be used as solvent molecular sieves to precisely control the evaporation of the solvent through molecule–solvent interactions. In addition, the molecules remaining on the surface can also effectively passivate the surface defects and improve the device performance. By this strategy, a synchronous regulation of rapid nucleation and slow crystal growth of perovskite films is realized for the first time. As a result, the CsPbI3 film with 2‐N treatment presents high‐quality crystallinity with large grains and less defects. The champion device exhibits an outdoor power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 20.14% under AM1.5G illumination, and an indoor PCE up to 40.07% (Pout:133.9 µW cm–2) under a commonly used light‐emitting diode light source (2956 K, 1062 lux).
It is demonstrated that phthalimide (2‐N) molecules as antisolvent additives can achieve crystal growth regulation, including rapid nucleation and slow crystal growth process. The perovskite films treated with 2‐N exhibit the best crystallinity, largest grain size, and lowest trap density, while the corresponding device efficiency reaching 20.14% under AM 1.5G illumination and the highest indoor efficiency of 40.14% under light‐emitting diode conditions (1062 lux, @2956 K).
Numerous studies have reported that long‐term musical training can affect brain functionality and induce structural alterations in the brain. Singing is a form of vocal musical expression with an ...unparalleled capacity for communicating emotion; however, there has been relatively little research on neuroplasticity at the network level in vocalists (i.e., noninstrumental musicians). Our objective in this study was to elucidate changes in the neural network architecture following long‐term training in the musical arts. We employed a framework based on graph theory to depict the connectivity and efficiency of structural networks in the brain, based on diffusion‐weighted images obtained from 35 vocalists, 27 pianists, and 33 nonmusicians. Our results revealed that musical training (both voice and piano) could enhance connectivity among emotion‐related regions of the brain, such as the amygdala. We also discovered that voice training reshaped the architecture of experience‐dependent networks, such as those involved in vocal motor control, sensory feedback, and language processing. It appears that vocal‐related changes in areas such as the insula, paracentral lobule, supramarginal gyrus, and putamen are associated with functional segregation, multisensory integration, and enhanced network interconnectivity. These results suggest that long‐term musical training can strengthen or prune white matter connectivity networks in an experience‐dependent manner.
Musical training (both voice and piano) could enhance connectivity among emotion‐related regions of the brain, such as the amygdala. Voice training reshaped the architecture of experience‐dependent networks, such as those involved in vocal motor control, sensory feedback, and language processing. Long‐term musical training can strengthen or prune white matter connectivity networks in an experience‐dependent manner.
Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) under ambient conditions provides an intriguing pathway to convert N2 into NH3. However, significant kinetic barriers of the NRR at low temperatures ...in desirable aqueous electrolytes remain a grand challenge due to the inert N≡N bond of the N2 molecule. Herein, we propose a unique strategy for in situ oxygen vacancy construction to address the significant trade‐off between N2 adsorption and NH3 desorption by building a hollow shell structured Fe3C/Fe3O4 heterojunction coated with carbon frameworks (Fe3C/Fe3O4@C). In the heterostructure, the Fe3C triggers the oxygen vacancies of the Fe3O4 component, which are likely active sites for the NRR. The design could optimize the adsorption strength of the N2 and NxHy intermediates, thus boosting the catalytic activity for the NRR. This work highlights the significance of the interaction between defect and interface engineering for regulating electrocatalytic properties of heterostructured catalysts for the challenging NRR. It could motivate an in‐depth exploration to advance N2 reduction to ammonia.
We report an effective and feasible strategy to engineer oxygen vacancies in situ by constructing a heterojunction of Fe3C/Fe3O4 that enables an “optimized activation‐desorption” system for the electrochemical conversion of N2 into NH3. Combined with experimental results and DFT calculations, the synergistic effect between oxygen vacancies and heterojunction was further elucidated.
Stroke is a common cerebrovascular disease. Inflammation-induced neuronal death is one of the key factors in stroke pathology. Propofol has been shown to ameliorate neuroinflammatory injury, but the ...exact mechanism of its neuroprotective role remains to be fully elucidated. In the present study, we found that inflammation was activated in ischemic cortical neurons, and the expression of nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat containing family, pyrin domain-containing 1 (NLRP1), NLRP3 inflammasome and effectors in primary cortical neurons increased. However, we found that propofol could inhibit the increased expression of NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasome induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Furthermore, the effector molecule caspase-1 (casp1) was revealed to be the downstream target of NLRP1 and propofol repressed the activation of caspase-1 via inhibiting NLRP1 in cortical neurons. Moreover, propofol inhibits caspase-6 activation in neurons through the NLRP1-caspase-1 pathway. Once the expression of caspase6 increases, propofol reduced its neuroprotective effect in OGD-treated cortical neurons. In the stroke middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, infusion of caspase-6 inhibitors enhanced the protective effect of propofol on infarct size and neurological function. In conclusion, our results suggest that propofol plays a neuroprotective role in stroke by inhibiting the inflammatory pathway of NLRP1-caspase-1-caspase-6. Overall, these data suggest that propofol plays a key role in the inflammatory-dependent pathway after stroke, providing an important evidence for propofol as an effective strategy for neuroprotection in stroke.
Oxygen is difficult to be physically removed. Oxygen will be excited by light to form free radicals which further attack the lattice of perovskite. The stabilization of α‐FAPbI3 against δ‐FAPbI3 is ...the key to optimize perovskite solar cells. Herein, the simple molecule, benzaldehyde (BAH) is adopted. The photochemical shield will be established in perovskite layer. Moreover, heterogeneous nucleation induced by BAH enhances the crystallization of α‐FAPbI3. Consequently, the stability of device is improved significantly. The target device maintains 95% of original power conversion efficiency after 1500 h under air conditions and light‐emitting diode light. The power conversion efficiency increases from 23.21% of pristine device to 24.82% of target device.
The open‐air fabrication of perovskite photovoltaics will become the trend of commercialization of perovskite. However, the oxygen together with light becomes free radicals to accelerate phase transformation of FAPbI3, which further challenge the stability of α‐FAPbI3. Therefore, a photochemical shield strategy is developed by employing a light‐oxygen sensitive molecule benzaldehyde.
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