The electron rolling pin distribution, showing electron pitch angles primarily at 0°, 90°, and 180°, has recently been observed behind dipolarization fronts (DFs) and explained using an analytical ...model. However, the energy range of such distribution has been unknown so far, owing to the low‐resolution data in previous spacecraft missions. Here using the high‐resolution measurements of Magnetospheric Multiscale, we reveal the energy range of electron rolling pin distribution behind DFs for the first time. We find that such distribution appears only above 1.7 keV, falling well into the suprathermal energy range. Below 1.7 keV, electrons exhibit a Maxwell distribution, while above 1.7 keV, they exhibit a power law distribution. In addition, such distribution appears primarily in the growing phase of the flow and disappears quickly in the decaying phase. During the formation of the rolling pin distribution, electrons are gyrotropic. These findings have greatly improved our knowledge of electron dynamics around DFs.
Plain Language Summary
Examining the electron pitch angle distribution can help us understand the electron dynamics behind dipolarization fronts (DFs). Up to now, the energy range of electron rolling pin distribution, which shows electron pitch angles primarily at 0°, 90°, and 180°, has been unknown, owing to the low‐resolution data in previous spacecraft missions. Here using the high‐resolution Magnetospheric Multiscale measurements, we reveal the energy range of electron rolling pin distribution behind DFs for the first time. Our findings can significantly improve the knowledge of electron dynamics around DFs.
Key Points
Rolling pin distribution appears only above 1.7 keV, falling well into suprathermal energy range
Below 1.7 keV, electrons have Maxwell distribution; above 1.7 keV, they have power law distribution
During the formation of the rolling pin distribution, electrons are gyrotropic
According to the lung cancer staging project, T1a (≤ 2 cm) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) should be additionally classified into ≤ 1 cm and > 1 to 2 cm groups. This study aimed to investigate the ...surgical procedure for NSCLC ≤ 1 cm and > 1 to 2 cm.
We identified 15,760 patients with T1aN0M0 NSCLC after surgery from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Overall survival (OS) and lung cancer-specific survival (LCSS) were compared among patients after lobectomy, segmentectomy, or wedge resection. The proportional hazards model was applied to evaluate multiple prognostic factors.
OS and LCSS favored lobectomy compared with segmentectomy or wedge resection in patients with NSCLC ≤ 1 cm and > 1 to 2 cm. Multivariable analysis showed that segmentectomy and wedge resection were independently associated with poorer OS and LCSS than lobectomy for NSCLC ≤ 1 cm and > 1 to 2 cm. With sublobar resection, lower OS and LCSS emerged for NSCLC > 1 to 2 cm after wedge resection, whereas similar survivals were observed for NSCLC ≤ 1 cm. Multivariable analyses showed that wedge resection is an independent risk factor of survival for NSCLC > 1 to 2 cm but not for NSCLC ≤ 1 cm.
Lobectomy showed better survival than sublobar resection for patients with NSCLC ≤ 1 cm and > 1 to 2 cm. For patients in whom lobectomy is unsuitable, segmentectomy should be recommended for NSCLC > 1 to 2 cm, whereas surgeons could rely on surgical skills and the patient profile to decide between segmentectomy and wedge resection for NSCLC ≤ 1 cm.
Carbon nanotube (CNT) transistors demonstrate high mobility but also experience off-state leakage due to the small effective mass and band gap. The lower limit of off-current (I MIN) was measured in ...electrostatically doped CNT metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) across a range of band gaps (0.37 to 1.19 eV), supply voltages (0.5 to 0.7 V), and extension doping levels (0.2 to 0.8 carriers/nm). A nonequilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) model confirms the dependence of I MIN on CNT band gap, supply voltage, and extension doping level. A leakage current design space across CNT band gap, supply voltage, and extension doping is projected based on the validated NEGF model for long-channel CNT MOSFETs to identify the appropriate device design choices. The optimal extension doping and CNT band gap design choice for a target off-current density are identified by including on-current projection in the leakage current design space. An extension doping level >0.5 carrier/nm is required for optimized on-current.
In the practical applications of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) as structural materials, they always deform under complex stress states. In this work, some single-side-notched BMG specimens with ...varying notch radii and geometries were fabricated, and tested under tensile loadings. The effect of complex stress fields on the accumulation of plastic energy in the notched BMG specimens was examined and discussed. The results show that the notched BMGs can dissipate more plastic energy before fracture than conventional tensile specimens which have a relatively-uniform stress distribution. To accumulate more plastic energy, it necessitates high orders of stress concentration to initiate more shear bands and appropriate distribution of complex stress fields to confine their propagations. The present findings are of significance for practical structural-applications of BMGs, where complex stress fields are usually presented.
•Single-side-notched BMG specimens with varying notch radii were fabricated.•The corresponding plastic energy accumulation was examined.•More plastic energy was accumulated with the presence of complex stress fields.•Both the magnitude and distribution are important for the design of stress fields.•The findings are of significance for the practical structural-applications of BMGs.
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Legionella pneumophila have been detected in indoor air and linked to human infection. It is essential to adopt control methods to inactivate ...airborne pathogens. By passing bioaerosols horizontally into a UV device at two flow rates (Qs) and moving cells around a central UVC lamp at relative humidity (RH) of 12.7–16.7%, 58.7–59.6%, and 87.3–90%, the effects of swirling motion and 254‐nm ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) against bioaerosols were assessed under UV‐off and UV‐on settings, respectively. An inverse relationship between RH and UVGI effectiveness was observed for every test bioaerosol (r = −0.74 ∼ −0.81, P < 0.0001). Increased UV resistance with RH is likely associated with the hygroscopicity of bioaerosols, evident by increased aerodynamic diameters at high RH (P < 0.05). UVGI effectiveness was significantly increased with decreasing Q (P < 0.0001). Moreover, P. aeruginosa was the most susceptible to UVGI, while the greatest UV resistance occurred in L. pneumophila at low RH and S. aureus at medium and high RH (P < 0.05). Results of UV off show P. aeruginosa and L. pneumophila were more sensitive to air‐swirling motion than S. aureus (P < 0.05). Overall, test bioaerosols were reduced by 1.7–4.9 and 0.2–1.7 log units because of the UVGI and swirling movement, respectively.
Practical Implications
The studied UV device, with a combination of swirling motion and UVGI, is effective to inactivate airborne S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and L. pneumophila. This study also explores the factors governing the UVGI and swirling motion against infectious bioaerosols. With understanding the environmental and operational parameters, the studied UV device has the potential to be installed indoors where people are simultaneously present, for example, hospital wards and nursing homes, to prevent the humans from acquiring infectious diseases.
The identification of high-redshift, massive galaxies with old stellar populations may pose challenges to some models of galaxy formation. However, to securely classify a galaxy as quiescent, it is ...necessary to exclude significant ongoing star formation, something that can be challenging to achieve at high redshifts. In this Letter, we analyze deep ALMA/870 m and SCUBA-2/450 m imaging of the claimed "post-starburst" galaxy ZF 20115 at z = 3.717 that exhibits a strong Balmer break and absorption lines. The rest-frame far-infrared imaging identifies a luminous starburst 0 4 0 1 (∼3 kpc in projection) from the position of the ultraviolet/optical emission and is consistent with lying at the redshift of ZF 20115. The star-forming component, with an obscured star formation rate of , is undetected in the rest-frame ultraviolet but contributes significantly to the lower angular resolution photometry at rest-frame wavelengths 3500 . This contribution from the obscured starburst, especially in the Spitzer/IRAC wavebands, significantly complicates the determination of a reliable stellar mass for the ZF 20015 system, and we conclude that this source does not pose a challenge to current models of galaxy formation. The multi-wavelength observations of ZF 20115 unveil a complex system with an intricate and spatially varying star formation history. ZF 20115 demonstrates that understanding high-redshift obscured starbursts will only be possible with multi-wavelength studies that include high-resolution observations, available with the James Webb Space Telescope, at mid-infrared wavelengths.
Abstract
Background
While it is well established that perioperative use of oral nutrition supplement (ONS) improves nutrition status among severely malnourished surgical cancer patients, the evidence ...requires further substantiation for non-severely malnourished patients with cancer. This protocol paper presents the rationale and design of a randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of preoperative as well as an extended 90-day postoperative use of ONS on nutritional and clinical outcomes among patients undergoing elective surgery for breast and colorectal cancer.
Methods
Patients with primary breast and colorectal cancer undergoing elective surgery are recruited from two tertiary hospitals. Eligible patients are assigned into one of the three intervention arms: (i) Group SS will receive ONS in addition to their normal diet up to 14 days preoperatively and postoperatively up to discharge; (ii) Group SS-E will receive ONS in addition to their normal diet up to 14 days preoperatively, postoperatively up to discharge and for an extended 90 days after discharge; and (iii) Group DS will receive ONS in addition to their normal diet postoperatively up to discharge from the hospital. The ONS is a standard formula fortified with lactium to aid in sleep for recovery. The primary endpoints include changes in weight, body mass index (BMI), serum albumin and prealbumin levels, while secondary endpoints are body composition (muscle and fat mass), muscle strength (handgrip strength), energy and protein intake, sleep quality, haemoglobin, inflammatory markers (transferrin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6), stress marker (saliva cortisol), length of hospital stay and postoperative complication rate.
Discussion
This trial is expected to provide evidence on whether perioperative supplementation in breast and colorectal cancer patients presenting with high BMI and not severely malnourished but undergoing the stress of surgery would be beneficial in terms of nutritional and clinical outcomes.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrial.gov
NCT04400552. Registered on 22 May 2020, retrospectively registered
The study of nonconventional luminescence is important for revealing the luminescence of natural systems and has gradually drawn the attention of researchers in recent years. However, the underlying ...mechanism is still inexplicable. Herein, the luminescence behavior of two series of simple, heteroatom‐containing small molecules without aromatic rings, i.e., maleimide and succinimide derivatives, are studied to gain further mechanistic insight into the nonconventional luminescence process. It has been unveiled that all the molecules exhibit bright and visible luminescence in concentrated solution and solid state and the formation of clusters is the root cause for such behaviors, which can effectively increase the possibility of both the nonradiative n–π* and favorable π–π* transitions and stabilize the excitons formed in the excited state. The distinctive luminescent phenomena and intriguing mechanism presented in this work will be significant for understanding the mechanism of clusteroluminescence and provide new strategies for the rational design of novel luminescent materials.
Through systematic and comprehensive study on the luminescent performance of maleimide and succinimide derivatives, it has been unveiled that the formed clusters of these systems can effectively increase the possibility of the traditionally nonradiative n–π* transition and stabilize the excitons in the excited state to facilitate the emission.
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