Diamond features an attractive combination of outstanding mechanical, optical, thermal and electrical properties; tunable surface characteristics; and unprecedented biocompatibility. Additionally, ...diamond can possess unique nitrogen-vacancy emission centers that are highly photostable and extremely sensitive to magnetic fields, temperatures, ion concentrations, and spin densities. With these inherent merits, diamond in various nanoscale configurations has demonstrated a variety of distinctive applications in a broad range of fields. In particular, research on diamond nanoparticles (0-dimensional structures) and arrays of diamond nanoneedles/nanowires (1-dimensional structures) has witnessed important and exciting progress in recent years. Here, we systematically review the superior properties of diamond nanomaterials and the nitrogen-vacancy centers they contain as well as their uses in biomedical applications, including biosensing, bioimaging and drug delivery. Moreover, systematic studies of the biocompatibility and toxicity of diamond nanostructures, which constitute an important issue for the biomedical applications of diamond that has not yet been thoroughly addressed in previous reviews, are also discussed. Finally, we present our insights into the key issues concerning these diamond nanomaterials and their future development for applications.
This review summarizes the superior properties of diamond nanoparticles and vertically aligned diamond nanoneedles and their applications in biosensing, bioimaging and drug delivery.
Non-Hermitian systems based on parity-time (PT) and anti-PT symmetry reveal rich physics beyond the Hermitian regime. So far, realizations of such symmetric systems have been limited to the spatial ...domain. Here we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate synthetic anti-PT symmetry in a spectral dimension induced by nonlinear Brillouin scattering in a single optical microcavity, where Brillouin scattering induced transparency or absorption in two spectral resonances provides the optical gain and loss to observe a phase transition between two symmetry regimes. This scheme provides a new paradigm towards the investigation of non-Hermitian physics in a synthetic photonic dimension for all-optical signal processing and quantum information science.
The luxury consumer market in my country is developing rapidly. However, due to the differences in the culture and consumer psychology of different regions in my country, the marketing status of ...luxury goods in my country will be different in different regions. Under the premise of analyzing consumer groups, it deeply analyzes the factors that affect the luxury consumption psychology of Chinese consumers, expounds this psychological state, and then analyzes the problems existing in my country’s luxury goods marketing. Finally, based on consumer psychology, suggestions on luxury marketing related to these issues have been put forward. In addition, quantitative research on marketing and how to psychologically open a new chapter of marketing in the luxury goods industry have always been the core themes that foreign marketing researchers will continue to explore for a long time. The logo model is an excellent analysis in this process. By introducing the principles of the logo model and applying this model to the empirical study of domestic consumers’ choice of a specific luxury brand, it is shown that the logo model can be used to analyze many problems in marketing research. More useful quantitative information is undoubtedly of great benefit to the academic research of marketing and the practice of marketing management.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) based on entanglement can directly transmit confidential information. However, the inability to simultaneously distinguish the four sets of encoded ...entangled states limits its practical application. Here, we explore a QSDC network based on time-energy entanglement and sum-frequency generation. In total,15 users are in a fully connected QSDC network, and the fidelity of the entangled state shared by any two users is >97%. The results show that when any two users are performing QSDC over 40 km of optical fiber, the fidelity of the entangled state shared by them is still >95%, and the rate of information transmission can be maintained above 1 Kbp/s. Our result demonstrates the feasibility of a proposed QSDC network and hence lays the foundation for the realization of satellite-based long-distance and global QSDC in the future.
In the problem of multiple attributes group decision making (MAGDM), the probabilistic linguistic term sets (PLTSs) is an useful tool which can be more flexible and accurate to express the evaluation ...information of decision makers (DMs). However, due to the lack of time or knowledge, DMs tend to provide the evaluation information by incomplete PLTSs (InPLTSs) which contain missing information. The process to estimate the missing information of InPLTSs is essential, which is called the normalization of InPLTSs. By analyzing the previous methods, the existing defect is that the original uncertainty information of InPLTS can be hardly retained after normalizing. Moreover, the literature that considers the normalization method from perspective of entropy change is absent. Thus, to overcome the shortcoming and fill the research blank, we propose two optimization models based on minimum entropy change of InPLTSs, which can remain the original uncertainty information of InPLTSs to the greatest extent. Inspired by entropy measure of PLTSs, the novel concepts related to entropy measure of InPLTS are developed. In addition, based on the novel normalization method, a decision model is constructed to solve the MAGDM problem. To verify the feasibility and superiority of the proposed method and model, a case about the selection of five-star scenic spots is given and we conduct to have comparative analysis with other methods.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Moiré lattices consist of two superimposed identical periodic structures with a relative rotation angle. Moiré lattices have several applications in everyday life, including artistic design, the ...textile industry, architecture, image processing, metrology and interferometry. For scientific studies, they have been produced using coupled graphene-hexagonal boron nitride monolayers
, graphene-graphene layers
and graphene quasicrystals on a silicon carbide surface
. The recent surge of interest in moiré lattices arises from the possibility of exploring many salient physical phenomena in such systems; examples include commensurable-incommensurable transitions and topological defects
, the emergence of insulating states owing to band flattening
, unconventional superconductivity
controlled by the rotation angle
, the quantum Hall effect
, the realization of non-Abelian gauge potentials
and the appearance of quasicrystals at special rotation angles
. A fundamental question that remains unexplored concerns the evolution of waves in the potentials defined by moiré lattices. Here we experimentally create two-dimensional photonic moiré lattices, which-unlike their material counterparts-have readily controllable parameters and symmetry, allowing us to explore transitions between structures with fundamentally different geometries (periodic, general aperiodic and quasicrystal). We observe localization of light in deterministic linear lattices that is based on flat-band physics
, in contrast to previous schemes based on light diffusion in optical quasicrystals
, where disorder is required
for the onset of Anderson localization
(that is, wave localization in random media). Using commensurable and incommensurable moiré patterns, we experimentally demonstrate the two-dimensional localization-delocalization transition of light. Moiré lattices may feature an almost arbitrary geometry that is consistent with the crystallographic symmetry groups of the sublattices, and therefore afford a powerful tool for controlling the properties of light patterns and exploring the physics of periodic-aperiodic phase transitions and two-dimensional wavepacket phenomena relevant to several areas of science, including optics, acoustics, condensed matter and atomic physics.
Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI), by taking advantage of versatile properties of lithium niobate (LN) and a large refractive index contrast, provides an ideal on-chip platform for studying a broad ...range of optical effects as well as developing various superior photonic devices. It is a game-changer technology for traditional LN-based applications. Especially, with recent advances in the fabrication of high-quality micro-/nano-structures and devices on the LNOI platform, LN-based integrated photonics has been propelled to new heights. In this review, we summarize the latest research advances in lithium niobate thin film (LNTF), with a special focus on nonlinear wave mixing and their photonics applications. Different types of second- and third-order nonlinear processes in LNOI micro- and nano-structures are reviewed, including nonlinear frequency conversion, frequency comb generation and supercontinuum generation. Furthermore, perspectives for photonic integrated circuits (PICs) on the LNOI platform in nonlinear optics regime are predicted.
Recently, nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (NMOFs) have started to be developed as a promising platform for bioimaging and drug delivery. On the other hand, combination therapies using multiple ...approaches are demonstrated to achieve much enhanced efficacy. Herein, we report, for the first time, core-shell nanoparticles consisting of a photodynamic therapeutic (PDT) agent and a MOF shell while simultaneously carrying a chemotherapeutic drug for effective combination therapy. In this work, core-shell nanoparticles of zeolitic-imadazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) as shell embedded with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets as core are fabricated by growing ZIF-8 in the presence of g-C3N4 nanosheets. Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) is then loaded into the ZIF-8 shell of the core-shell nanoparticles. The combination of the chemotherapeutic effects of DOX and the PDT effect of g-C3N4 nanosheets can lead to considerably enhanced efficacy. Furthermore, the red fluorescence of DOX and the blue fluorescence of g-C3N4 nanosheets provide the additional function of dual-color imaging for monitoring the drug release process.
NiO nanoflakes are created with a simple hydrothermal method on 3D (three‐dimensional) graphene scaffolds grown on Ni foams by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD). Such ...as‐grown NiO‐3D graphene hierarchical composites are then applied as monolithic electrodes for a pseudo‐supercapacitor application without needing binders or metal‐based current collectors. Electrochemical measurements impart that the hierarchical NiO‐3D graphene composite delivers a high specific capacitance of ≈1829 F g−1 at a current density of 3 A g−1 (the theoretical capacitance of NiO is 2584 F g−1). Furthermore, a full‐cell is realized with an energy density of 138 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 5.25 kW kg−1, which is much superior to commercial ones as well as reported devices in asymmetric capacitors of NiO. More attractively, this asymmetric supercapacitor exhibits capacitance retention of 85% after 5000 cycles relative to the initial value of the 1st cycle.
Hierarchical nickel oxide nanoflake 3D graphene electrodes are developed by growing NiO nanoflakes atop 3D architecture of graphene on Ni foam. The optimum structure enables the 3‐electrode pseudocapacitors and 2‐electrode full cells to deliver outstanding electrochemical performance. In a full cell configuration, the achieved power density is much higher than that of commercially available asymmetric capacitors.
Many biological barriers are of great importance. For example, stratum corneum, the outmost layer of skin, effectively protects people from being invaded by external microorganisms such as bacteria ...and viruses. Cell membranes help organisms maintain homeostasis by controlling substances to enter and leave cells. However, on the other hand, these biological barriers seriously restrict drug delivery. For instance, stratum corneum has a very dense structure and only allows very small molecules with a molecular weight of below 500 Da to permeate whereas most drug molecules are much larger than that. A wide variety of drugs including genes needs to enter cells for proper functioning but cell membranes are not permeable to them. To overcome these biological barriers, many drug‐delivery routes are being actively researched and developed. In this research news, we will focus on two advanced materials and nanotechnology approaches for delivering vaccines through the skin for painless and efficient immunization and transporting drug molecules to cross cell membranes for high‐throughput intracellular delivery.
Biological barriers including stratum corneum and cell membranes pose a difficulty in transdermal and intracellular delivery of fluorescent probes, biological molecules, genes, etc. Various approaches have been or are being developed for tackling the problem. Herein, we review the current state of applying advanced materials and nanotechnology for drug delivery crossing biological barriers by highlighting recently published novel and important results.
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