Anisotropic growth of Cu2O crystals deposited on an indium‐doped tin oxide‐coated glass substrate through facile electrodeposition and low‐temperature calcination results in favorable solar ...photoelectrochemical water splitting. XRD, TEM, and SEM reveal that appreciable oxygen vacancies are populated in the Cu2O crystals with a highly branched dendritic thin film morphology, which are further substituted by Cu atoms to form Cu antisite defects exclusively along the 111 direction. The post‐thermal treatment presumably accelerates such migration of the lattice imperfections, favoring the exposure of the catalytically active (111) facets. The Cu2O thin film derived in this way shows n‐type conduction with a donor concentration in the order of 1017 cm−3 and a flat‐band potential of −1.19 V vs. Ag/AgCl, which is also confirmed by Mott–Schottky analysis. The material is employed as a photoanode and delivers a photocurrent density of 2.2 mA cm−2 at a potential of 0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl, surpassing reported values more than twofold. Such superiority mostly originates from the synergism of the selective facet exposure within the Cu2O crystals, which have decent crystallinity, as shown by Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy, and a favorable bandgap of 2.1 eV, as confirmed by UV/Vis spectroscopy. The n‐type Cu2O thin film reported herein holds excellent promise for solar‐related applications.
Good defects! Oxygen vacancies are introduced in n‐type Cu2O thin films grown in oxygen‐poor conditions. Subsequent low‐temperature calcination triggers the clustering of those point defects, preferentially giving rise to (111) facets. Such crystallographic anisotropy stimulates a n‐Cu2O thin film photoanode to deliver a photocurrent density of 2.2 mA cm−2 for solar water splitting.
This study examines whether the unique and common content of initial coin offering (ICO) white papers is related to ICO fund raising and post‐ICO trading activities. Based on the signalling theory, ...we expect that high‐quality ICOs can provide more unique content in their white papers to distinguish themselves from low‐quality ICOs because it may be costly for low‐quality ICOs to provide unique and specific information. Our results show that ICOs that have more unique or less common content in their white papers raise more funds or are subject to more active trading and higher market values in the post‐ICO period.
Abstract Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with impulsivity and hostility. This study evaluated the associations among ADHD, ...impulsivity, hostility, and IGD. We recruited 87 individuals with IGD and 87 controls without a history of IGD. All participants underwent a diagnostic interview based on the DSM-5 IGD criteria and DSM-IV-TR ADHD criteria and completed a questionnaire regarding impulsivity and hostility. The information from the diagnostic interviews was assessed using the clinical global impression scale. The results suggested that IGD is associated with ADHD among young adults and that young adults with both IGD and ADHD have higher impulsivity and hostility. Furthermore, impulsivity and hostility mediate the association between ADHD and IGD. Thus, ADHD is a common comorbidity of IGD among young adults, and impulsivity and hostility are major factors involved in comorbid ADHD and IGD. Young adults with ADHD should be thoroughly assessed, particularly for their impulsivity and hostility, and interventions for IGD should be developed.
To investigate the impact of an electronic medical record management system (EMRMS) on disease activity and the frequency of outpatient visits among patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). We ...identified 652 patients with AS who were followed up for at least 1 year before and after the first Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) assessment and compared the number of outpatient visits and average visit time within 1 year before and after the initial ASDAS assessment. Finally, we analyzed 201 patients with AS who had complete data and received ≥ 3 continuous ASDAS assessments at an interval of 3 months, and we compared the results of the second and third ASDAS assessments with those of the first. The number of annual outpatient visits increased after ASDAS assessment (4.0 (4.0, 7.0) vs. 4.0 (4.0, 8.0), p < 0.001), particularly among those with a high initial disease activity. The average visit time was reduced within 1 year after ASDAS assessment (6.4 (8.5, 11.2) vs. 6.3 (8.3, 10.8) min, p = 0.073), especially among patients whose with an inactive disease activity was < 1.3 (ASDAS C-reactive protein (CRP) 6.7 (8.8, 11.1) vs. 6.1 (8.0, 10.3) min, p = 0.033; ASDAS erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 6.4 (8.7, 11.1) vs. 6.1 (8.1, 10.0) min, p = 0.027). Among patients who received at least three ASDAS assessments, the third ASDAS-CRP tended to be lower than the first (1.5 (0.9, 2.1) vs. 1.4 (0.8, 1.9), p = 0.058). The use of an EMRMS increased the frequency of ambulatory visits among AS patients with high and very high disease activity and reduced the visit time among those with an inactive disease. Continual ASDAS assessments may help control the disease activity of patients with AS.
Objective
Head and neck cancer (HNC) patients suffer from symptoms and fear of recurrence (FoR), which both affect their quality of life (QoL). Based on a self‐regulation model, the purpose of the ...study was to examine patients’ FoR as a mediator of the relation between symptoms and QoL, and to identify which symptoms may trigger FoR.
Methods
A cross‐sectional study was conducted, using convenience sampling. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data at a medical centre in Northern Taiwan. The analytic methods included descriptive statistics, structural equation modelling and linear regression.
Results
A total of 103 participants were recruited. Patients experienced a medium level of symptom severity and QoL but a moderate to high level of FoR. Symptom severity, FoR and QoL were significantly correlated. FoR was a significant partial mediator between symptom severity and QoL. The significant factors of the overall FoR and the subscale of health worry were “pain in general” and “pain in the mouth, throat or neck.” “Pain in general” was a significant factor for the subscale of cancer worry.
Conclusions
This theory‐driven study supports a mediation model of FoR among HNC patients and provides a more comprehensive understanding of the antecedents and consequences of FoR.
Aims
The present study aimed to evaluate the brain correlates of response inhibition among subjects with Internet gaming disorder (IGD).
Methods
For this purpose, 15 men with IGD for at least 1 year, ...and 15 controls with no history of IGD were recruited to perform the Go/Nogo task under functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Prior to scanning, the subjects were assessed using the Chen Internet Addiction Scale and the Barrett Impulsivity Scale.
Results
The control group exhibited activation of the right supplement motor area (SMA), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and caudate for response inhibition. However, the IGD group had a higher impulsivity and lower activity of the right SMA/pre‐SMA in comparison to the control group.
Conclusions
The results obtained suggest that dysfunctional activation of the SMA for response inhibition is one of the candidate mechanisms of IGD.
Acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) non-fullerene electron acceptors (NFEAs) using ladder-type donor structures have become the dominant n-type materials for achieving high-efficiency OSCs. In this work, ...two isomeric fluorene-based ladder-type structures FCTT (TT-C-F-C-TT) and FTCT (T-C-TFT-C-T) have been designed and synthesized. These two isomeric donors with the different fused-ring arrangement, molecular geometry, and side-chain placement were end-capped with the FIC acceptors to form two NFEAs FCTT-FIC and FTCT-FIC isomeric materials. Compared to FTCT-FIC using the thiophene (T)-terminal donor, FCTT-FIC with the thienothiophene (TT)-terminal donor has more evenly distributed side chains on both sides of the backbone and less steric hindrance near the FIC acceptors, which enables stronger antiparallel π–π packing among the end-groups to create a channel for efficient electron transport, as evidenced by the thin-film GIWAXS measurements. FCTT-FIC displayed a larger optical bandgap and deeper-lying energy levels than its FTCT-FIC isomer. Compared to the PBDB-T:FTCT-FIC device, the PBDB-T:FCTT-FIC device showed a higher PCE of 10.32% with an enhanced J sc of 19.63 mA cm −2 and an FF of 69.14%. A PM6:FCTT-FIC device using PM6 as a p-type polymer achieved the highest PCE of 12.23%. By introducing PC 71 BM as the second acceptor to enhance the absorption at shorter wavelengths, optimize the morphology and facilitate electron transport, the ternary-blend PM6:FCTT-FIC:PC 71 BM (1 : 1 : 0.5 in wt%) device yielded the highest PCE of 13.37% with a V oc of 0.92 V, a higher J sc of 19.86 mA cm −2 , and an FF of 73.2%. This result demonstrated that the TT-terminal ladder-type donor is generally a better molecular design than the corresponding T-terminal ladder-type isomer for the development of new A–D–A NFEAs.
This study aimed to explore the current evidence on preventing blood-borne virus infections among people who inject drugs (PWID). We conducted a comprehensive search across three databases (PubMed, ...Embase, Cochrane Library) for relevant articles published in English between 2014 and 2023. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, assessed the quality of the paper using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (ROB 2), and conducted a meta-analysis using RevMan 5.3. Completing the harm reduction program (HRP) participation and receiving all three vaccine doses resulted in a 28% reduction in the risk of HBV infection (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.37-1.42). Various interventions increased the willingness of PWIDs to undergo HCV treatment (OR: 5.91, 95% CI: 2.46-14.24) and promoted treatment adherence (OR: 15.04, 95% CI: 2.80-80.61). Taking PrEP, participating in HRP, and modifying risky behaviors were associated with a 33% reduction in the risk of HIV infection (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.61-0.74). Conducting referrals, providing counseling, and implementing antiretroviral therapy resulted in a 44% reduction in the risk of viral transmission (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.47-0.66). Co-infection may potentially compromise effectiveness, so it is important to consider drug resistance.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent to which gender and other factors predict the severity of online gaming addiction among Taiwanese adolescents. A total of 395 junior high school ...students were recruited for evaluation of their experiences playing online games. Severity of addiction, behavioral characteristics, number of stressors, and level of satisfaction with daily life were compared between males and females who had previously played online games. Multiple regression analysis was used to explore gender differences in the relationships between severity of online gaming addiction and a number of variables. This study found that subjects who had previously played online games were predominantly male. Gender differences were also found in the severity of online gaming addiction and motives for playing. Older age, lower self-esteem, and lower satisfaction with daily life were associated with more severe addiction among males, but not among females. Special strategies accounting for gender differences must be implemented to prevent adolescents with risk factors from becoming addicted to online gaming.
The versatility of a fluoro‐containing low band‐gap polymer, poly2,6‐(4,4‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4H‐cyclopenta2,1‐b;3,4‐b’dithiophene)‐alt‐4,7‐(5‐fluoro‐2,1,3‐benzothia‐diazole) (PCPDTFBT) in organic ...photovoltaics (OPVs) applications is demonstrated. High boiling point 1,3,5‐trichlorobenzene (TCB) is used as a solvent to manipulate PCPDTFBT:6,6‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) active layer morphology to obtain high‐performance single‐junction devices. It promotes the crystallization of PCPDTFBT polymer, thus improving the charge‐transport properties of the active layer. By combining the morphological manipulation with interfacial optimization and device engineering, the single‐junction device exhibits both good air stability and high power‐conversion efficiency (PCE, of 6.6%). This represents one of the highest PCE values for cyclopenta2,1‐b;3,4‐b’dithiophene (CPDT)‐based OPVs. This polymer is also utilized for constructing semitransparent solar cells and double‐junction tandem solar cells to demonstrate high PCEs of 5.0% and 8.2%, respectively.
The versatility of a fluoro‐containing polymer, PCPDTFBT, in diverse organic photovoltaic applications is demonstrated. By combining morphological, interface, and device engineering, the single‐junction cell shows both a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.6% and good air stability. In addition, the applications of PCPDTFBT in highly efficient semitransparent cells (PCE = 5.0%, average visible transmittance (AVT) = 47.3%) and double‐junction tandem cells (PCE = 8.2%) are also demonstrated.
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