•A novel framework for using optimal research & development (R&D) investment to derive the innovation motivation of the new energy vehicle (NEV) industry is constructed.•An industry game model is ...established to explore dynamic influence of policy transition imposed on the R&D strategy evolution of the innovation entities.•Considering the difference of R&D preference, seven decision-making scenarios of innovative entities are proposed.•The rate of subsidy reduction should be regulated, and dual-credit policy should be promoted steadily and actively.•The cooperative innovation network exists an optimal connectivity that maximizes the proportion of the suppliers' R&D strategy.
Insufficient motivation and investment in research and development (R&D) will hamper further developing of the new energy vehicle (NEV) industry. In response to this dilemma, the Chinese government has successively issued the subsidy and dual-credit policies. This study aims at exploring the influence mechanism of the policy transition imposed on the R&D strategy evolution in NEV cooperative innovation network, thus constructing a two-level game model accordingly. Specifically, the inversion method is used a posteriori in the first level to address suppliers' optimal R&D investment. Then, the optimal R&D investment and patent data are used in the second level to construct the network game model, thereby analyzing the influences of the policy transition and of network characteristics on suppliers' R&D strategy evolution. Simulation results suggest that within the subsidy reduction stage, suppliers prefer to choose independent R&D strategy. To summarize, the implementation of the dual-credit policy can reduce the heavy dependence of suppliers' technology R&D upon subsidies while increasing the proportion of suppliers choosing cooperative R&D. In the NEV cooperative innovation network, the evolution of suppliers' R&D strategy can be effectively promoted via not only the controlling over the optimal network clustering coefficient but also the influence of the key nodes within.
Photosynthetic bacteria are beneficial to plants, but knowledge of photosynthetic bacterial community dynamics in field crops during different growth stages is scarce. The factors controlling the ...changes in the photosynthetic bacterial community during plant growth require further investigation. In this study, 35 microbial community samples were collected from the seedling, flowering, and mature stages of tomato, cucumber, and soybean plants. 35 microbial community samples were assessed using Illumina sequencing of the photosynthetic reaction center subunit M (pufM) gene. The results revealed significant alpha diversity and community structure differences among the three crops at the different growth stages. Proteobacteria was the dominant bacterial phylum, and Methylobacterium, Roseateles, and Thiorhodococcus were the dominant genera at all growth stages. PCoA revealed clear differences in the structure of the microbial populations isolated from leaf samples collected from different crops at different growth stages. In addition, a dissimilarity test revealed significant differences in the photosynthetic bacterial community among crops and growth stages (P<0.05). The photosynthetic bacterial communities changed during crop growth. OTUs assigned to Methylobacterium were present in varying abundances among different sample types, which we speculated was related to the function of different Methylobacterium species in promoting plant growth development and enhancing plant photosynthetic efficiency. In conclusion, the dynamics observed in this study provide new research ideas for the detailed assessments of the relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and different growth stages of plants.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A modified configuration of the Taylor-Couette system with an imposed radial flow through the surfaces of a rotating inner cylinder and fixed outer one is considered. Numerical simulations of heat ...transfer in the annular gap were performed for a wide range of throughflow intensity and rotation rate. The regularities of the factors effect on the surface averaged Nusselt number and peculiarities of temperature distribution along the heated surface of the inner cylinder were obtained. The configuration of the inner rotating cylinder with longitudinal porous slots was considered and the influence of the slots number on heat transfer efficiency was examined. The main heat transfer parameters were compared to the ones calculated for the opened Taylor-Couette system with a forced axial flow. The efficiency of the radial throughlow configuration with regard to rotor cooling was shown to be significantly greater than in the case of the axial flow configuration. For instance, the maximum average surface Nusselt number is nearly 50% higher and the maximum local surface overheating is about 50% less. The new fundamental database obtained displays also the influence of turbulence development in the rotating subcritical boundary layer on the surface heat transfer.
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•Porous slots in rotor surface provide notable increase of surface heat transfer.•Radial throughflow in rotor-stator systems prevents from local overheating.•Radial throughflow can shift centrifugal instability to very high rotation rate.•Forced radial cross-flow results in azimuthally periodic subcritical boundary layer.
is an important and widespread plant-parasitic nematode of citrus worldwide and can cause citrus slow decline disease leading to significant reduction in tree growth and yield. Rapid and accurate ...detection of
in soil is important for the disease forecasting and management. In this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed to detect
using DNA extracted from soil. A set of five primers was designed from the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1) of rDNA, and was highly specific to
. The LAMP reaction was performed at 63°C for 60 min. The LAMP product was visualized directly in one reaction tube by adding SYBR Green I. The detection limit of the LAMP assay was 10
J2/0.5 g of soil, which was 10 times more sensitive than conventional PCR (10
J2/0.5 g of soil). Examination of 24 field soil samples revealed that the LAMP assay was applicable to a range of soils infested naturally with
, and the total assay time was less than 2.5 h. These results indicated that the developed LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, sensitive, specific and accurate technique for detection of
in field soil, and contributes to the effective management of citrus slow decline disease.
Tylenchulus semipenetrans is an important and widespread plant-parasitic nematode of citrus worldwide and can cause citrus slow decline disease leading to significant reduction in tree growth and ...yield. Rapid and accurate detection of T. semipenetrans in soil is important for the disease forecasting and management. In this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed to detect T. semipenetrans using DNA extracted from soil. A set of five primers was designed from the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1) of rDNA, and was highly specific to T. semipenetrans. The LAMP reaction was performed at $63^{\circ}C$ for 60 min. The LAMP product was visualized directly in one reaction tube by adding SYBR Green I. The detection limit of the LAMP assay was $10^{-2}J2/0.5g$ of soil, which was 10 times more sensitive than conventional PCR ($10^{-1}J2/0.5g$ of soil). Examination of 24 field soil samples revealed that the LAMP assay was applicable to a range of soils infested naturally with T. semipenetrans, and the total assay time was less than 2.5 h. These results indicated that the developed LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, sensitive, specific and accurate technique for detection of T. semipenetrans in field soil, and contributes to the effective management of citrus slow decline disease.
The photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B （RhB） was carried out using TiO2 supported on activated carbon （TiO2-AC） under microwave irradiation. Composite catalyst TiO2-AC was prepared and ...characterized using X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET）. In the process of microwave-enhanced photocatalysis （MPC）, RhB （30 mg/L） was almost completely decoloured in 10 min, and the mineralization efficiency was 96.0% in 20 min. The reaction rate constant of RhB in MPC using TiO2-AC by pseudo first-order reaction kinetics was 4.16 times of that using Degussa P25. Additionally, according to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （GC/MS） and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry （LC/MS） identification, the major intermediates of RhB in MPC included two kinds of N-de-ethylation intermediates （N,N-diethyl-N＇-ethyl-rhodamine （DER））, oxalic acid, malonic acid, snccinic acid, and phthalic acid, maleic acid, 3-nitrobenzoic acid, and so on. The degradation of RhB in MPC was mainly attributed to the destruction of the conjugated structure, and then the intermediates transformed to acid molecules which were mineralized to water and carbon dioxide.
5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is formed by the enzyme ALA synthase (ALAS). However, the fidelity of ALAS gene among species is low. The ALAS gene of photosynthetic bacteria Rhodoblastus acidophilus was ...cloned from its genomic DNA by conventional PCR and Veterette PCR and further sequenced. The identity of ALAS gene among photosynthetic bacteria species is from 64.0% to 95.1% according to phylogenic analysis. Furthermore, the ALAS gene was subcloned into an expression vector pQE30. For the overproduction of ALA, the recombinant ALAS was overexpressed in Escherichia coli strains JM109, M15 and BL21 (DE3), respectively. The expected 44kD protein was detected by SDS-PAGE in three E. coli strains after IPTG induction and further purified by affinity purification on Ni-NTA. The conditions including strain, medium, substrate of ALA synthesize (glycine and succinic acid), and ALA dehydratase inhibitor (levulinic acid) were optimized for attainning the maximum yield of ALA in E. coli. The ALA production was established
A method to tighten the cloud screening thresholds based on local conditions is used to provide more stringent schemes for Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) cloud screening algorithms. Cloud ...screening strategies are essential to remove scenes with significant cloud and/or aerosol contamination from OCO-2 observations, which helps to save on the data processing cost and ensure high quality retrievals of the column-averaged CO
2
dry air mole fraction (XCO
2
). Based on the radiance measurements in the 0.76 μm O
2
A band, 1.61 μm (weak), and 2.06 μm (strong) CO
2
bands, the current combination of the A-Band Preprocessor (ABP) algorithm and Iterative Maximum A Posteriori (IMAP) Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) Preprocessor (IDP) algorithm passes around 20%–25% of all soundings, which means that some contaminated scenes also pass the screening process. In this work, three independent pairs of threshold parameters used in the ABP and IDP algorithms are sufficiently tuned until the overall pass rate is close to the monthly clear-sky fraction from the MODIS cloud mask. The tightened thresholds are applied to observations over land surfaces in Europe and Japan in 2016. The results show improvement of agreement and positive predictive value compared to the collocated MODIS cloud mask, especially in summer and fall. In addition, analysis indicates that XCO
2
retrievals with more stringent thresholds are in closer agreement with measurements from collocated Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) sites.
The role of Fas/Fas ligand （FasL） in mediating alveolar macrophage （AM）-derived inflammatory cytokines in 29 human lung silicosis patients and 6 controls was studied. It showed that the serum levels ...of IL-1β, TNF-a, IL-8, MIP-la, MCP-1, and TGF-β1 were higher in silicosis patients than in controls, and increased with the progression of silicosis except TGF-β1 and IL-8. TGF-β1, IL-8, MCP-1,
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