With an increasing understanding of growth hormone deficiency, there has been a growing emphasis on the management of transition growth hormone deficiency (TGHD) in clinical practice. The inadequate ...diagnosis and treatment of TGHD have been a major clinical concern, leading to the development of relevant guidelines and consensus internationally. This article summarizes the evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical challenges of TGHD based on these guidelines, consensus, and existing clinical studies, aiming to optimize and further improve the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and management of TGHD.
Surface assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) has been recognized as one of the prominent techniques in mass analysis of small molecules as well as large nonvolatile ...molecules since it bears many advantages compared to matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. The use of SALDI-MS has been increasing for small molecules analysis with the development of new substrates materials for ionization such as porous silicons and nanomaterials. While most of researches about SALDI-MS are focusing on the development of new substrate materials, not much of works has been done for the verification of ionization mechanism of SALDI-MS. In this article, we reviewed the characteristics of SALDI-MS such as desorption/ionization mechanisms, signal enhancement by inorganic matrix, and recent trends on the development of new efficient matrix substrates. Among the reviewed ionization mechanisms, the laser ablation followed by generation of laser-induced plasma and shock wave is suggested to be more plausible mechanism in the desorption and ionization process of SALDI-MS, while other mechanisms are also recognized to contributes to the desorption and ionization process. Recent development of efficient substrate materials for SALDI-MS by adopting nanoparticles, nanomaterials, metal organic frameworks, and their combination was also reviewed.
•Cellulose nanocrystal coated superhydrophobic cotton fabric was fabricated.•The superhydrophobic cotton fabric showed good stability.•The superhydrophobic cotton fabric showed high oil/water ...separation efficiency.•The superhydrophobic cotton fabric is renewable and biodegradable.
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) with renewability, biodegradability, and nanoscale size was used as the rough structure component instead of inorganic nanoparticles to fabricate renewable and degradable superhydrophobic cotton fabric via a dip-coating method with cured epoxidized oil resin (CESO) as the binder. The superhydrophobic cotton fabric could selectively absorb oil from oily water and could separate various oil/water mixture very efficiently with separation efficiency higher than 98%. The superhydrophobic cotton fabric showed excellent stability, making it reusable for several times without lowering separation efficiency. Moreover, the superhydrophobic cotton fabric exhibited excellent solvent and chemical resistances. Furthermore, the superhydrophobic cellulosic fabric was degradable with weight loss of 14.4 wt% after hydrolytic degradation in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) at 37 °C for 10 weeks. The superhydrophobic cotton fabric may exhibit great viability as sustainable and degradable alternative to traditional nonrenewable and non-degradable superhydrophobic materials in oil/water separation.
Poor fouling and chlorine resistance significantly reduce the service life of traditional aromatic polyamides thin-film-composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) membranes, hindering their widespread ...applications in waste water treatment, pharmaceutical and fine chemicals industries. Herein, novel polyamide (PA) TFC NF membranes synthesized through interfacial polymerization (IP) of amino functional polyethylene glycol (PEG) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) are designed for achieving dual resistance to fouling and chlorine. The hydrophilic PEG based PA TFC NF membranes show positive charge since the isoelectric points range from pH=8.9 to pH=9.1 and the salts rejection are in the order of R(MgCl2)>R(MgSO4)>R(NaCl)>R(Na2SO4). The high chlorine resistant performance has been proven by maintaining good salt rejections and high water flux of PEG based membranes after treatment by 2000ppm NaClO for 24h. Besides, high hydrophilicity (water angle of 15–18.2°) accounts for the excellent fouling resistance of the PEG based membranes with a water flux recovery of 90.2% using BSA as a model molecule. Importantly, the hydrophilic PEG based NF membranes have been exploited to separate several water soluble antibiotics (such as tobramycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic applied in the treatment of various types of bacterial infections). By optimizing operating conditions, the advanced membranes show highly stable tobramycin solution flux of 37Lm−2h−1 alongside tobramycin rejections up to 96% with 50ppm feed concentration under 8.0bar. When the feed concentration increases up to 800ppm, our membranes can still exhibit a high rejection over 92%. Therefore, as a promising “green” technique capably declining the solvent emissions and energy-consuming, the designed PEG based NF membranes owning highly efficient antibiotic concentration ability together with dual resistance to fouling and chlorine have great potentials in substituting conventional separation techniques for concentration and purification of active molecules in pharmaceutical and fine chemicals industries.
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•A positive charged NF membrane was firstly applied in antibiotics separation.•Optimizing operation can effectively enhance antibiotics separation performance.•The membrane had high flux, high rejection, and fouling and chlorine resistance.•The stable antibiotics separation behavior makes it promising for industrial usage.
The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4)/B7 and programmed death 1 (PD-1)/ programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are two most representative immune checkpoint pathways, which ...negatively regulate T cell immune function during different phases of T-cell activation. Inhibitors targeting CTLA-4/B7 and PD1/PD-L1 pathways have revolutionized immunotherapies for numerous cancer types. Although the combined anti-CTLA-4/B7 and anti-PD1/PD-L1 therapy has demonstrated promising clinical efficacy, only a small percentage of patients receiving anti-CTLA-4/B7 or anti-PD1/PD-L1 therapy experienced prolonged survival. Regulation of the expression of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 significantly impacts the treatment effect. Understanding the in-depth mechanisms and interplays of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 could help identify patients with better immunotherapy responses and promote their clinical care. In this review, regulation of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 is discussed at the levels of DNA, RNA, and proteins, as well as indirect regulation of biomarkers, localization within the cell, and drugs. Specifically, some potential drugs have been developed to regulate PD-L1 and CTLA-4 expressions with high efficiency. Keywords: PD-L1, CTLA-4, Cancer immunotherapy, Regulatory mechanism, Drug intervention
Gliomas are the common type of brain tumors originating from glial cells. Epidemiologically, gliomas occur among all ages, more often seen in adults, which males are more susceptible than females. ...According to the fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (WHO CNS5), standard of care and prognosis of gliomas can be dramatically different. Generally, circumscribed gliomas are usually benign and recommended to early complete resection, with chemotherapy if necessary. Diffuse gliomas and other high-grade gliomas according to their molecule subtype are slightly intractable, with necessity of chemotherapy. However, for glioblastoma, feasible resection followed by radiotherapy plus temozolomide chemotherapy define the current standard of care. Here, we discuss novel feasible or potential targets for treatment of gliomas, especially IDH-wild type glioblastoma. Classic targets such as the p53 and retinoblastoma (RB) pathway and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene alteration have met failure due to complex regulatory network. There is ever-increasing interest in immunotherapy (immune checkpoint molecule, tumor associated macrophage, dendritic cell vaccine, CAR-T), tumor microenvironment, and combination of several efficacious methods. With many targeted therapy options emerging, biomarkers guiding the prescription of a particular targeted therapy are also attractive. More pre-clinical and clinical trials are urgently needed to explore and evaluate the feasibility of targeted therapy with the corresponding biomarkers for effective personalized treatment options.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensing is one of the most advanced label free, real time detection technologies. Numerous research groups with divergent scientific backgrounds have ...investigated the application of SPR biosensors and studied the fundamental aspects of surface plasmon polaritons that led to new, related instrumentation. As a result, this field continues to be at the forefront of evolving sensing technology. This review emphasizes the new developments in the field of SPR-related instrumentation including optical platforms, chips design, nanoscale approach and new materials. The current tendencies in SPR-based biosensing are identified and the future direction of SPR biosensor technology is broadly discussed.
Structural variation (SV) acts as an essential mutational force shaping the evolution and function of the human genome. However, few studies have examined the role of SVs in high-altitude adaptation ...and little is known of adaptive introgressed SVs in Tibetans so far.
Here, we generate a comprehensive catalog of SVs in a Chinese Tibetan (n = 15) and Han (n = 10) population using nanopore sequencing technology. Among a total of 38,216 unique SVs in the catalog, 27% are sequence-resolved for the first time. We systematically assess the distribution of these SVs across repeat sequences and functional genomic regions. Through genotyping in additional 276 genomes, we identify 69 Tibetan-Han stratified SVs and 80 candidate adaptive genes. We also discover a few adaptive introgressed SV candidates and provide evidence for a deletion of 335 base pairs at 1p36.32.
Overall, our results highlight the important role of SVs in the evolutionary processes of Tibetans' adaptation to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and provide a valuable resource for future high-altitude adaptation studies.
Mepiquat chloride (DPC) enhances the resistance of cotton plants, and it is widely used as a growth regulator. DPC can stimulate photosynthesis, stabilize the structure of cotton leaves, and affect ...population reproduction and energy substances in Aphis gossypii Glover (cotton aphids), but interactions between DPC and cotton aphids remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed the physiological responses of cotton to DPC, and the toxicity of DPC toward cotton aphids, before and after feeding, to explore the DPC-induced defense mechanism against cotton aphids.
Measurements of protective enzyme activity in cotton showed that the soluble protein contents, peroxidase (POD) activity, and catalase (CAT) activity in cotton treated with different concentrations of DPC were higher than in the control. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was higher than that of the control when the concentration of DPC was < 0.1 g/L. Under aphid feeding stress, POD activity in cotton treated with a low insect population density was significantly lower than in the controls, but the reverse was true for cotton treated with a high insect population density, and SOD activity was positively correlated with population density. The activities of detoxification enzymes in field and laboratory experiments showed that DPC promoted the specific activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) in cotton aphids, while the specific activities of carboxylesterase (CarE) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) were decreased.
DPC enhanced the aphid resistance in cotton by increasing the soluble protein content and the activity of protective enzymes. It also had a toxic effect on cotton aphids by increasing GST activity (the main DPC target). DPC increased the soluble protein content and protective enzymes activity in cotton under aphid stress, and thereby enhanced tolerance to cotton aphids. It conclude that DPC interferes with cotton aphids through indirect (DPC induced cotton defense responses) and direct (DPC toxicity to cotton aphids) ways, which plays a positive role in interfering with cotton aphids.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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