The world energy production trumped by the exhaustive utilization of fossil fuels has highlighted the importance of searching for an alternative energy source that exhibits great potential. Ongoing ...efforts are being implemented to resolve the challenges regarding the preliminary processes before conversion to bioenergy such as pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and cultivation of biomass. Nanotechnology has the ability to overcome the challenges associated with these biomass sources through their distinctive active sites for various reactions and processes. In this review, the potential of nanotechnology incorporated into these biomasses as an aid or addictive to enhance the efficiency of bioenergy generation has been reviewed. The fundamentals of nanomaterials along with their various bioenergy applications were discussed in-depth. Moreover, the optimization and enhancement of bioenergy production from lignocellulose, microalgae and wastewater using nanomaterials are comprehensively evaluated. The distinctive features of these nanomaterials contributing to better performance of biofuels, biodiesel, enzymes and microbial fuel cells are also critically reviewed. Subsequently, future trends and research needs are highlighted based on the current literature.
•Economy and environmental impacts of Industry 5.0 in algae industry.•Effects on the algae production dedicating to the cultivating modifications.•Customization of production and processing for clean ...bioenergy generation.•Transformation of the algae market and fulfilling SDGs from Industry 5.0.
There is a high demand for clean, affordable and sustainable source of energy due to the limitation in fossil fuel supplies. The algae industrial revolutions have proved to be a significant step to realize the growing need for energy and achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs). In this review, the production and processing of algae from an industry point of view and the algae processing in Industry 4.0 as well as a paradigmatic shift from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 were well-delineated. Moreover, numerous aspects in the algae industry have been discussed, including economic and environmental analysis of algae bioenergy production, customization of the algae-derived bioenergy, algae cultivation and modifications in the cultivating approach. Genetic engineering tools implemented in the algae culture for bioenergy and by-products generation was also studied, and area of focusing such as the desired algae strain and its detection through automated genetic manipulation and genetic modification. Furthermore, the impacts of the Industry 5.0 on the new market opportunities and environment aspect as well as the possibility of achieving SDGs were significantly studied.
Microalgae are considered promising feedstock for the production of biofuels and other bioactive compounds, yet there are still challenges on commercial applications of microalgae‐based products. ...This review focuses on the economic analysis, environmental impact, and industrial potential of biofuels production from microalgae. The cost of biofuels production remains higher compared to conventional fuel sources. However, integration of biorefinery pathways with biofuels production for the recovery of value‐added products (such as antioxidants, natural dyes, cosmetics, nutritional supplements, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and so forth) could substantially reduce the production costs. It also paves the way for sustainable energy resources by significantly reducing the emissions of CO2, NOx, SOx, and heavy metals. Large‐scale biofuels production has yet to be successfully commercialized with many roadblocks ahead and heavy competition with conventional fuel feedstock as well as technological aspects. One of the prominent challenges is to develop a cost‐effective method to achieve high‐density microalgal cultivation on an industrial scale. The biofuels industry should be boosted by Government's support in the form of subsidies and incentives, for addressing the pressing climate change issues, achieving sustainability, and energy security.
Climate change, depleting natural resources, and energy security related to the biofuels industries have always been a pressing issue. This review studies the challenges and industrial potentials involved in the production of biofuels and biogas using microalgae as the source. The economic feasibility as well as the environmental considerations associated with microalgae‐based biofuels are evaluated and reviewed.
Biosurfactant is one of the emerging compounds in the industrial sector that behaves similarly with their synthetic counterparts, as they can reduce surface and interfacial tension between two ...fluids. Their unique properties also enable biosurfactant molecules to be able to clump together to form micelles that can capture targeted molecules within a solution. Biosurfactants are compared with synthetic surfactants on various applications for which the results shows that biosurfactants are fully capable of replacing synthetic surfactants in applications including enhanced oil recovery and wastewater treatment applications. Biosurfactants are able to be used in different applications as well since they are less toxic than synthetic surfactants. These applications include bioremediation on oil spills in the marine environment and bioremediation for contaminated soil and water, as well as a different approach on the pharmaceutical applications. The future of biosurfactants in the pharmaceutical industry and petroleum industry as well as challenges faced for implementing biosurfactants into large-scale applications are also discussed at the end of this review.
Display omitted
•Surfactants are being applied in various applications.•Biosurfactants have several advantages over petroleum-based surfactants.•Biosurfactants can be used in bioremediations as they are less toxic.•Biosurfactants are able to fully replace petroleum-based surfactants.
Display omitted
•Liquid Triphasic Flotation (LTF) performed better than Three Phase Partitioning.•Optimum condition of LTF to extract protein was obtained in this study.•Maximum protein recovery, ...87.23% and separation efficiency, 56.72% were obtained.•One run of recycling t-butanol were performed to minimize solvent usage.
Microalgae are rich in valuable biomolecules and grow on non-arable land with rapid growth rate, which has a host of new possibility as alternative protein sources. In the present study, extraction of proteins from Chlorella vulgaris via an efficient technique, Liquid Triphasic Flotation (LTF) system, was studied. The optimized conditions in LTF system were 70% v/v of t-butanol, 40% w/v of salt solution, 0.5% w/v of biomass, pH 5.54, 1:1 of salt to t-butanol solution, and 10 min of air flotation time to attain 87.23% of protein recovery and 56.72% of separation efficiency. Besides, the study on recycling t-butanol has demonstrated that only one run was sufficient to maintain the performance of system. The efficiency of LTF in extracting protein has performed better than just Three Phase Partitioning (TPP) system. LTF system is hence an effective protein extraction and purification method with minimum operation unit and processing time.
•Rosa damascene was an effective biosorbent for heavy metal removal.•Functional groups of the biosorbent were involved in metal adsorption.•Metal adsorption capacities were 97.68 mg/g for Pb(II) and ...90.8 mg/g for Cd(II).•Metal adsorption by R. damascene followed the Langmuir and Elovich models.
Due to their toxicity to public health, the presence of inorganic pollutants in the aquatic environment have become a global concern. This work investigates the technical feasibility of R. damascena waste as a biosorbent (RWB) in batch studies for the removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from synthetic wastewater. The biomass waste is abundantly available from rose oil industries in Lahore (Pakistan). To improve its treatment performance for metals removal, the biomass waste is pretreated with H2SO4 and NaOH, respectively. To understand the roles of functional groups on the RWB during biosorption, Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses were used to compare its surface area before and after adsorption. At the same initial metal concentration of 25 mg/L, it was found that the chemically modified R. damascena could remove 95% and 91% of Pb(II) and Cd(II), respectively, under the optimum conditions: pH 6.5, reaction time: 2 h, 10 g/L of dose, and 120 rpm of shaking speed. Its metal adsorption capacities were 24.9 and 24.8 mg/g for Pb(II) and Cd(II), respectively. The Langmuir isotherm was applicable to simulate the adsorption of both target metals, while the pseudo-second order fitted well their kinetics. The characterization results implied the roles of certain functional groups of the biosorbent as electron donors. This indicates that H-bonding was involved in the chemisorption of target metals by the biosorbent. In spite of their encouraging findings, treated effluents were still unable to meet the required discharge limits of 0.05 and 0.005 mg/L for Pb(II) and Cd(II), respectively, mandated by local legislation. This reveals that another subsequent treatment using biological process such as activated sludge is required to complement their removal from wastewater samples. Overall, this work reveals the applicability of R. damascena waste as a biosorbent for heavy metal removal.
As a promising alternative renewable liquid fuel, biodiesel production has increased and eventually led to an increase in the production of its by-product, crude glycerol. The vast generation of ...glycerol has surpassed the market demand. Hence, the crude glycerol produced should be utilized effectively to increase the viability of biodiesel production. One of them is through crude glycerol upgrading, which is not economical. A good deal of attention has been dedicated to research for alternative material and chemicals derived from sustainable biomass resources. It will be more valuable if the crude glycerol is converted into glycerol derivatives, and so, increase the economic possibility of the biodiesel production. Studies showed that glycerol carbonate plays an important role, as a building block, in synthesizing the glycerol oligomers at milder conditions under microwave irradiation. This review presents a brief outline of the physio-chemical, thermodynamic, toxicological, production methods, reactivity, and application of organic carbonates derived from glycerol with a major focus on glycerol carbonate and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), as a green chemical, for application in the chemical and biotechnical field. Research gaps and further improvements have also been discussed.
Display omitted
•Magnetic biochar was prepared from Fe-enriched sludge without any modification.•Sludge biochar prepared at 900 °C temperature enhanced Cr(VI) removal.•Maximum Cr removal by sludge ...biochar was attained at pH 6.8.•Interfering ions were SO42− and NO3− that co-existed with Cr(VI) in wastewater.•α-Fe0 in sludge biochar facilitated the reduction and adsorption of Cr(VI).
In this work, inexpensive biochar derived from different feedstock was synthesized, characterized, and tested for Cr(VI) removal from synthetic wastewater. The physical properties of the sludge-based magnetic biochars (SSB) were analyzed using FT-IR, XRD, BET surface area, SEM-EDS, and XPS techniques. The effects of pyrolysis temperature (300–900 ℃), initial Cr(VI) concentration (2–30 mg/L), rotation speed (50–200 rpm), pH (3–11), and co-ions (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Cl−, HCO3− and SO42−) on Cr(VI) removal by the SSB were determined in batch modes. It was found that the SSB had the highest Cr(VI) removal (43.7%), as compared to the other feedstock-derived biochars (p ≤ 0.05; Anova test). The characterization data indicated that with an increasing pyrolysis temperature from 300 to 900℃, the surface area, pore volume, and pore size decreased, while the Fe3O4 on SSB was gradually reduced to α-Fe0. With respect to Cr(VI) removal, under the optimized conditions of 900℃ of pyrolysis temperature, 2 mg/L of Cr(VI) concentration, 200 rpm of agitation speed, and pH 6.8, a complete Cr(VI) removal could be attained by the SSB900. Its treated effluents could comply with the required Cr(VI) discharge limit of <0.01 mg/L (GB3838-2002) mandated by local legislation. Therefore, further treatment was not required, avoiding additional cost. Coexisting ions experiments showed that all of them inhibited the Cr(VI) removal by the adsorbent after 1 h of reaction. The Cr(VI) removal followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm model. The removal mechanism was based on the reduction of Cr(VI) by nZVI on the SSB900 and the Fe leakage might have facilitated the Cr(VI) removal. Overall, iron-enriched sewage sludge biochar is promising and cost-effective for treatment of low-level Cr(VI)-contaminated wastewater.
With the rapid development of the economy and productivity, an increasing number of citizens are not only concerned about the nutritional value of algae as a potential new food resource but are also, ...in particular, paying more attention to the safety of its consumption. Many studies and reports pointed out that analyzing and solving seaweed food safety issues requires holistic and systematic consideration. The three main factors that have been found to affect the food safety of algal are physical, chemical, and microbiological hazards. At the same time, although food safety awareness among food producers and consumers has increased, foodborne diseases caused by algal food safety incidents occur frequently. It threatens the health and lives of consumers and may cause irreversible harm if treatment is not done promptly. A series of studies have also proved the idea that microbial contamination of algae is the main cause of this problem. Therefore, the rapid and efficient detection of toxic and pathogenic microbial contamination in algal products is an urgent issue that needs to be addressed. At the same time, two other factors, such as physical and chemical hazards, cannot be ignored. Nowadays, the detection techniques are mainly focused on three major hazards in traditional methods. However, especially for food microorganisms, the use of traditional microbiological control techniques is time-consuming and has limitations in terms of accuracy. In recent years, these two evaluations of microbial foodborne pathogens monitoring in the farm-to-table chain have shown more importance, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, there are also many new developments in the monitoring of heavy metals, algal toxins, and other pollutants. In the future, algal food safety risk assessment will not only focus on convenient, rapid, low-cost and high-accuracy detection but also be connected with some novel technologies, such as the Internet of Things (artificial intelligence, machine learning), biosensor, and molecular biology, to reach the purpose of simultaneous detection.
•Densification of green and food waste compost with additive addition.•Milk powder waste containing lactose additives are beneficial in pellet production.•Additive addition strengthen pellets, gives ...higher density and producibility.•Lactose binder crystallizes and forms solid bridges in pellet.
Densification of food waste compost through pelletizing is essential to increase the bulk density, expand its storability, provide ease of transportation, as well as to enable easier handling of the compost. Compost in its natural form takes up a lot of space and has a high powder dispersion rate which makes it less safe and difficult to handle. The compression of these composts into pellet forms will reduce the managing issues associated with the natural compost feedstock. In this study, the pelletizing of food waste compost by adjusting the moisture content and dairy powder waste addition was performed to evaluate the pelletization performance. The physical and mechanical properties such as moisture content, bulk density, producibility, particle density, compressive strength and moisture resistance were evaluated for the pelletized compost products. This research indicates that the addition of dairy powder additives containing lactose is very beneficial in improving the pellet production rate as well as the properties of the pellets. The pellets with lactose addition showed better producibility, better compressive strength and higher density. The presence of more solid bridges was also observed with the addition of lactose additives which crystallize and lead to stronger bonds within the pellet.
PDF
