As the most feasible alternative to FinFETs, gate-all-around (GAA) multi-stacked nanosheets known as multi bridge channel FETs were recently introduced. To enjoy improved short channel control with ...high mobility and GAA characteristics, two critical processing challenges on channels should be overcome: the epitaxial growth of silicon/silicon germanium (Si/SiGe) multi stacks and the clean removal of SiGe. Si surface engineering after SiGe removal is a particularly crucial process. Various methods for removing the sacrificial SiGe layer to form nanosheets were tested in this Letter. Through the measurement of Dit and a flat band voltage (Vfb) shift, a remaining sacrificial SiGe layer was detected. After clean removal of the sacrificial SiGe layer and post cleaning, a Dit of 5 × 1011 cm−2 was achieved, which was similar to that achieved without the removal of SiGe.
AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Bifidobacterium lactis HY8101 on insulin resistance induced using tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in rat L6 skeletal muscle cells and on ...the KK‐AY mouse noninsulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) model. METHODS AND RESULTS: The treatment using HY8101 improved the insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake and translocation of GLUT4 via the insulin signalling pathways AKT and IRS‐1(Tyr) in TNF‐α‐treated L6 cells. HY8101 increased the mRNA levels of GLUT4 and several insulin sensitivity‐related genes (PPAR‐γ) in TNF‐α‐treated L6 cells. In KK‐AY mice, HY8101 decreased fasting insulin and blood glucose and significantly improved insulin tolerance. HY8101 improved diabetes‐induced plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels and increased the muscle glycogen content. We observed concurrent transcriptional changes in the skeletal muscle tissue and the liver. In the skeletal muscle tissue, the glycogen synthesis‐related gene pp‐1 and GLUT4 were up‐regulated in mice receiving HY8101 treatment. In the liver, the hepatic gluconeogenesis‐regulated genes (PCK1 and G6PC) were down‐regulated in mice receiving HY8101 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Bifidobacterium lactis HY8101 can be used to moderate glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in mice and in cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Bifidobacterium lactis HY8101 might have potential as a probiotic candidate for alleviating metabolic syndromes such as diabetes.
The electrical properties of a SiGe alloy channel from Si to Ge, for electron and hole mobilities are investigated. Although SiGe NMOS shows degraded electron mobility until 85% because of alloy ...scattering, abrupt mobility improvement with the high composition SiGe channel is observed because of a band structure modification. A linearly improved hole mobility with Ge and channel strain increase was also observed. Focusing on PMOS, on-current gain matching off-current target shows slightly different behavior. Even if the effective current improvement due to strain is similar with that of mobility, the Ge concentration effect is much smaller because of band-to-band leakage degradation. In case of strain, relatively smaller band offset compared to the Ge mole fraction is evaluated by simulation. Finally, when measured hardware is compared between Ge 30, 40 and 50%, the highest SiGe alloy channel shows the lowest effective current. As Ge concentration increase, degraded sub-threshold swing and capacitance reduction which come from high inter-face trap, negative Vth shift and band-to-band leakage via the conduction band offset is observed. In conclusion, sustaining the high strain at channel and low Dit are critical in the development of high-performance, high concentration SiGe alloy PMOS.
Abstract Background and aims This study evaluated the triglyceride (TG)-lowering effects of consuming dual probiotic strains of Lactobacillus curvatus ( L. curvatus ) HY7601 and Lactobacillus ...plantarum ( L. plantarum ) KY1032 on the fasting plasma metabolome. Methods and results A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 92 participants with hypertriglyceridemia but without diabetes. Over a 12-week testing period, the probiotic group consumed 2 g of powder containing 5 × 109 colony-forming units (cfu) of L. curvatus HY7601 and 5 × 109 cfu of L. plantarum KY1032 each day, whereas the placebo group consumed the same product without probiotics. Fasting plasma metabolomes were profiled using UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS. After 12 weeks of treatment, the probiotic group displayed a 20% reduction ( p = 0.001) in serum TGs and 25% increases ( p = 0.001) in apolipoprotein A-V (apoA-V). At the 12-week follow-up assessment, the following 11 plasma metabolites were significantly reduced in the probiotic group than the placebo group: palmitoleamide, palmitic amide, oleamide, and lysophosphatidyl choline (lysoPC) containing C14:0, C16:1, C16:0, C17:0, C18:3, C18:2, C18:1, and C20:3. In the probiotic group, changes (▵) in TG were negatively correlated with ▵ apoA-V, which was positively correlated with ▵ FFA. In addition, ▵ FFA was strongly and positively correlated with ▵ lysoPCs in the probiotic group but not the placebo group. Conclusions The triglyceride-lowering effects of probiotic supplementation, partly through elevated apoA-V, in borderline to moderate hypertriglyceridemic subjects showed reductions in plasma metabolites, fatty acid primary amides and lysoPCs ( NCT02215694 ; http://www.clinicaltrials.gov ). Clinical trials: NCT02215694 ; http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
An aspect ratio is an important parameter for two-phase flow in a rectangular microchannel. To study the aspect ratio effect on the flow pattern, pressure drop and void fraction, experiments of ...adiabatic liquid water and nitrogen gas two-phase flow in rectangular microchannels were conducted. The widths and heights of rectangular microchannels are 510
μm
×
470
μm, 608
μm
×
410
μm, 501
μm
×
237
μm and 503
μm
×
85
μm. Therefore, the aspect ratios of the rectangular microchannels are 0.92, 0.67, 0.47 and 0.16; and the hydraulic diameters of the rectangular microchannels were 490, 490, 322 and 143
μm, respectively. Experimental ranges were liquid superficial velocities of 0.06–1.0
m/s and gas superficial velocities of 0.06–71
m/s. Visible rectangular microchannels were fabricated using a photosensitive glass. And pressure drop in microchannels was directly measured through embedded ports. The visualization of the flow pattern was carried out with a high-speed camera and a long distance microscope. Typical flow patterns in the rectangular microchannels observed in this study were bubble flow, transitional flow (multiple flow) and liquid ring flow. As the aspect ratio decreased, the bubble flow regime became dominant due to the confinement effect and the thickness of liquid film in corner was decreased. A void fraction in the rectangular microchannels has a linear relation with the volumetric quality. And the two-phase flow becomes homogeneous with decreasing aspect ratio owing to the reduction of the liquid film thickness. Like Zhang et al.’s
19 correlation, as the confinement number increased, the
C-value in Lockhart and Martinelli correlation decreased. And a frictional pressure drop in the rectangular microchannels was highly related with the flow pattern.
A combination of electron backscatter diffraction and in situ heating was used to study the annealing behavior of Cu-added bake-hardenable (BH) steel. The annealing behavior of cold-rolled, Cu-added ...BH steel was strongly dependent on the type and number of average orientations developed in the deformed grains. If deformed grains (type I) had a single γ-fiber component as the average orientation of a unique grain (UG), the density of the nuclei was very low and recrystallization began at a later stage of the in situ annealing. However, the average grain size of the recrystallized grains was drastically increased regardless of the deformed grain as soon as recrystallization had begun. If deformed grains (type II) had multiple γ-fiber components as the average orientation of a UG, the density of the nuclei steadily increased as the elapsed time of in situ annealing increased. The area fraction of the recrystallized grains in the partially recrystallized specimens gradually increased, but the kinetics depended on the deformed matrix. However, the average grain size of the recrystallized grains gradually increased in all deformed grains from the beginning of in situ annealing. If deformed grains (type III) had texture components which could not be assigned to either γ-fiber or α-fiber components as the average orientation of a UG, the number of the recrystallized grains was maximized, but the recrystallization kinetics based on a normalized number of recrystallized grains was similar to that of type II. Since type III was a minor deformed grain in the as-rolled Cu-added BH steel, the recrystallization in types I and II was identified as the principal feature determining the overall recrystallization phenomena of Cu-added BH steel.
Using the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) registry, we analyzed 1404 umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) patients (single (<18 years)=810, double (⩾18 ...years)=594) with acute leukemia to define the incidence of acute GvHD (aGvHD) and chronic GvHD (cGvHD), analyze clinical risk factors and investigate outcomes. After single UCBT, 100-day incidence of grade II-IV aGvHD was 39% (95% confidence interval (CI), 36-43%), grade III-IV aGvHD was 18% (95% CI, 15-20%) and 1-year cGvHD was 27% (95% CI, 24-30%). After double UCBT, 100-day incidence of grade II-IV aGvHD was 45% (95% CI, 41-49%), grade III-IV aGvHD was 22% (95% CI, 19-26%) and 1-year cGvHD was 26% (95% CI, 22-29%). For single UCBT, multivariate analysis showed that absence of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) was associated with aGvHD, whereas prior aGvHD was associated with cGvHD. For double UCBT, absence of ATG and myeloablative conditioning were associated with aGvHD, whereas prior aGvHD predicted for cGvHD. Grade III-IV aGvHD led to worse survival, whereas cGvHD had no significant effect on disease-free or overall survival. GvHD is prevalent after UCBT with severe aGvHD leading to higher mortality. Future research in UCBT should prioritize prevention of GvHD.
Background and purpose
The rate at which the chance of a good outcome of endovascular stroke therapy (EVT) decays with time when eligible patients are selected by baseline diffusion‐weighted magnetic ...resonance imaging (DWI‐MRI) and whether ischaemic core size affects this rate remain to be investigated.
Methods
This study analyses a prospective multicentre registry of stroke patients treated with EVT based on pretreatment DWI‐MRI that was categorized into three groups: small Diffusion‐Weighted Imaging Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (DWI‐ASPECTS) (8–10), moderate (5–7) and large (<5) cores. The main outcome was a good outcome at 90 days (modified Rankin Scale 0–2). The interaction between onset‐to‐groin puncture time (OTP) and DWI‐ASPECTS categories regarding functional outcomes was investigated.
Results
Ultimately, 985 patients (age 69 ± 11 years; male 55%) were analysed. Potential interaction effects between the DWI‐ASPECTS categories and OTP on a good outcome at 90 days were observed (Pinteraction = 0.06). Every 60‐min delay in OTP was associated with a 16% reduced likelihood of a good outcome at 90 days amongst patients with large cores, although no associations were observed amongst patients with small to moderate cores. Interestingly, the adjusted rates of a good outcome at 90 days steeply declined between 65 and 213 min of OTP and then remained smooth throughout 24 h of OTP (Pnonlinearity = 0.15).
Conclusions
Our study showed that the probability of a good outcome after EVT nonlinearly decreased, with a steeper decline at earlier OTP than at later OTP. Discrepant effects of OTP on functional outcomes by baseline DWI‐ASPECTS categories were observed. Thus, different strategies for EVT based on time and ischaemic core size are warranted.
Getting a Kick Out of Numerical Relativity Baker, John G; Centrella, Joan; Choi, Dae-Il ...
The Astrophysical journal,
12/2006, Letnik:
653, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Recent developments in numerical relativity have made it possible to reliably follow the coalescence of two black holes from near the innermost stable circular orbit to final ringdown. This opens up ...a wide variety of exciting astrophysical applications of these simulations. Chief among these is the net kick received when two unequal mass or spinning black holes merge. The magnitude of this kick has bearing on the production and growth of supermassive black holes during the epoch of structure formation, and on the retention of black holes in stellar clusters. Here we report the first accurate numerical calculation of this kick, for two nonspinning black holes in a 1.5: 1 mass ratio, which is expected on the basis of analytic considerations to give a significant fraction of the maximum possible recoil. We have performed multiple runs with different initial separations, orbital angular momenta, resolutions, extraction radii, and gauges. The full range of our kick speeds is 86-116 km s super(-1), and the most reliable runs give kicks between 86 and 97 km s super(-1). This is intermediate between the estimates from two recent post-Newtonian analyses and suggests that at redshifts z 10, halos with masses 10 super(9) M sub( )will have difficulty retaining coalesced black holes after major mergers.
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