Purpose: This study examines the direct and indirect effects of distributed leadership on teacher self-efficacy in multicultural classrooms (TSMC) through school capacity building, specifically ...teacher team innovativeness and a feedback network. Research Design: Using data from the Teaching and Learning International Survey 2018, this study employs a 2-2-1 multilevel structural equation modeling to account for the nested data structure (teachers nested within schools). Latent variables are constructed, and their validity is tested, followed by an analysis of the relationships among distributed leadership, teacher team innovativeness, a feedback network, and TSMC. Findings: This study finds that distributed leadership has an indirect-only mediation effect on TSMC via a feedback network but not via teacher team innovativeness. The effect of distributed leadership on TSMC is fully mediated by a feedback network. In addition, the study shows that distributed leadership is positively associated with a feedback network and teacher team innovativeness. Conclusions: This study contributes to our understanding of the role of distributed leadership in fostering school capacity building and promoting TSMC. Given the increasing diversity in schools, it is crucial for school leaders to prepare teachers to teach students in multicultural classrooms. The findings suggest that school leaders can enhance teachers’ efficacy in teaching students from diverse backgrounds by facilitating their participation in school improvement processes and establishing a collective feedback network where teachers receive feedback from various sources. These results emphasize the importance of distributed leadership in equipping teachers for culturally responsive teaching in multicultural classrooms.
The modern classroom is becoming increasingly diverse, with many countries seeking to develop teacher self-efficacy in multicultural classrooms (TSMC) to effectively teach diverse students by ...offering professional development in multicultural education (PDME). Using the Teaching and Learning International Survey 2018, we examine whether the teachers’ experience in PDME improves TSMC, as well as whether TSMC mediates the relationship between PDME and teachers’ perceptions of school climate in secondary schools in the United States and South Korea. We find a significant positive relationship between PDME and TSMC and that TSMC plays a mediating role between PDME and school climate. The findings suggest that PDME not only plays a key role in enhancing TSMC but also promotes a positive school climate.
We introduce UnaG as a green-to-dark photoswitching fluorescent protein capable of high-quality super-resolution imaging with photon numbers equivalent to the brightest photoswitchable red protein. ...UnaG only fluoresces upon binding of a fluorogenic metabolite, bilirubin, enabling UV-free reversible photoswitching with easily controllable kinetics and low background under Epi illumination. The on- and off-switching rates are controlled by the concentration of the ligand and the excitation light intensity, respectively, where the dissolved oxygen also promotes the off-switching. The photo-oxidation reaction mechanism of bilirubin in UnaG suggests that the lack of ligand-protein covalent bond allows the oxidized ligand to detach from the protein, emptying the binding cavity for rebinding to a fresh ligand molecule. We demonstrate super-resolution single-molecule localization imaging of various subcellular structures genetically encoded with UnaG, which enables facile labeling and simultaneous multicolor imaging of live cells. UnaG has the promise of becoming a default protein for high-performance super-resolution imaging.
This study investigates how episodic and thematic flooding imagery and political party cues in climate change news stories influence risk perceptions, collective efficacy perceptions, and intended ...political action. We found that imagery and party cues had significant total effects on perceived flooding threat but not on perceived climate change threat. Specifically, episodic imagery (but not thematic imagery) increased perceived flooding threat, and party cues lowered perceived threat. Perceived threat was positively associated with collective efficacy, which, in turn, was positively associated with intended political action. Both imagery and party cues had significant indirect effects on perceived efficacy and intended action.
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), a biosynthetic precursor of ethylene, has long been proposed to act as a mobile messenger in higher plants. However, little is known about the transport ...system of ACC. Recently, our genetic characterization of an ACC-resistant mutant with normal ethylene sensitivity revealed that lysine histidine transporter 1 (LHT1) functions as a transporter of ACC. As amino acid transporters might have broad substrate specificity, we hypothesized that other amino acid transporters including
LHT1
paralogs might have the ACC-transporter activity. Here, we took a gain-of-function approach by transgenic complementation of
lht1
mutant with a selected set of amino acid transporters. When we introduced transgene into the
lht1
mutant, the transgenic expression of
LHT2
, but not of
LHT3
or
amino acid permease 5 (AAP5)
, restored the ACC resistance phenotype of the
lht1
mutant. The result provides genetic evidence that some, if not all, amino acid transporters in Arabidopsis can function as ACC transporters. In support, when expressed in
Xenopus laevis
oocytes, both
LHT1
and
LHT2
exhibited ACC-transporting activity, inducing inward current upon addition of ACC. Interestingly, the transgenic expression of
LHT2
, but not of
LHT3
or
AAP5
, could also suppress the early senescence phenotypes of the
lht1
mutant. Taking together, we propose that plants have evolved a multitude of ACC transporters based on amino acid transporters, which would contribute to the differential distribution of ACC under various spatiotemporal contexts.
The emergence of technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) has ushered in the era of big data. The demand for low‐power hardware systems and efficient ...algorithms has become more imperative. In this study, an ultra‐low‐power dynamic memtransistor based on the charge storage junction Field‐Effect Transistor (FET) with a step‐wise potential barrier is developed. A simple yet efficient device structure allows for analog programming and spontaneous relaxation. The device demonstrated fast speed (tens of nanoseconds (ns)) and low current (in picoamperes (pA)), resulting in ultra‐low programming power (in attojoules (aJ)). Furthermore, the device exhibited high reliability, with a 0.4% cycle‐to‐cycle variation and endurance over 107 pulses, owing to its non‐structural destructive operation process. An operation scheme is developed that enables read on/off and program/inhibition mode for 2T (1 memtransistor‐1 selecting transistor) array. The capability to distinguish temporal data using the device's spontaneous relaxation characteristics is demonstrated. A reservoir computing (RC) system framework is constructed using simulation and verified that the dynamic memtransistor can extract features efficiently from a hand‐written digit dataset. It is anticipated that the developed dynamic memtransistor, with its distinctive temporal characteristics, will play a pivotal role in developing a novel low‐power computing framework.
A simple but fast, reliable, and low‐power dynamic memtransistor with spontaneous relaxation characteristics for an energy‐efficient computing framework is developed. It has a charge storage junction Field‐Effect Transistor (FET)‐based structure with a step‐wise potential barrier. The feasibility of feature extraction from temporal data is verified using the relaxation characteristic, and it is confirmed that it can be expanded to an array architecture.
This study examines how different efficacy constructs – self efficacy, personal outcome expectancy, collective efficacy, and collective outcome expectancy – independently influence willingness to ...engage in personal energy conservation behavior and support for policies to address climate change. Data from a representative, cross-sectional survey of 23 countries, European Social Survey Round 8, was analyzed to test the relationship. Overall, the results demonstrated that self efficacy, personal outcome expectancy, and collective outcome expectancy were all positively associated with both behavioral intention and policy support. Results regarding collective efficacy were unstable. The results demonstrate the importance of clearly distinguishing different constructs of efficacy beliefs from each other and suggest how climate change communication efforts may benefit from focusing on particular efficacy factors.
•Distinguishes how four types of efficacy are associated with behavioral intention and policy support.•Collective efficacy does not have a robust relationship with behavioral intention or policy support.•Self efficacy has a positive association with behavioral intention and policy support.•Personal outcome expectancy has a positive association with behavioral intention and policy support.•Collective outcome expectancy has a positive association with behavioral intention and policy support.
•Professional development in multicultural education (PDME) is beneficial to teacher.•Teacher self-efficacy in multicultural classrooms (TSMC) can be developed by PDME.•Teacher autonomy strengthens ...the relationship between PDME and TSMC.•Teachers need room in their classrooms for developing TSMC acquired by PDME.
With the increasing diversity in classrooms, teachers are called upon to have the efficacy of teaching students in multicultural classrooms. Professional development in multicultural education (PDME) has been implemented across the world for equipping teachers with the efficacy that meets the educational needs of diverse students. Using data from 47 countries in the Teaching and Learning International Survey 2018, this study shows that PDME helps teachers develop teacher self-efficacy in multicultural classrooms (TSMC). We further find that teacher classroom autonomy strengthens the positive relationship between PDME and TSMC. Acknowledging that diversity in schools will continue to grow, this study provides implications for teacher learning and development, multicultural education, and the school organization.
The mental health and related quality of life of runaway adolescents are global public health issues. As few intervention studies have considered the family contexts of runaway adolescents, we aimed ...to develop an intervention tailored specifically to the needs of this population using an Intervention Mapping protocol. First, a literature review and interviews with runaway adolescents and youth shelter workers were conducted to create a logic model of the problem. Second, the behavioral and environmental outcomes were set to adapt to stressful situations and enable families to become more resourceful in dealing with family adversity, based on the results of needs assessment. Performance objectives and changeable determinants were also created by reviewing the pertinent theories and studies. Third, theory- and evidence-based methods to influence changes in the determinants were identified. Fourth, we designed an eight-session family-based mental health program incorporating individual and family approaches for runaway adolescents. Fifth, we determined that mental health nurses at community mental health centers linked to youth shelters would serve as the program implementers. Finally, we planned a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of our program on improving runaway adolescents' mental health status and perceived family functioning.
•We explore how ethnic diversity at the macro-level relates to students’ generalized trust by using cross-national data.•Our analysis shows a positive relationship between ethnic diversity and ...students’ generalized trust.•This relationship is inverted U-shaped curvilinear rather than linear, indicating that the positive relationship levels off and turns negative.•Students’ educational experiences such as relations at school are also significantly associated with generalized trust.•Ethnic diversity at the macro-level is still the most powerful factor in our analysis predicting students’ generalized trust.
In this study, we explore how ethnic diversity at the macro-level relates to students’ generalized trust by using cross-national data. Our analysis shows a positive relationship between ethnic diversity and generalized trust. This relationship is, however, inverted U-shaped curvilinear rather than linear, indicating that the positive relationship levels off and turns negative. While we also find that students’ educational experiences such as social relations at school are positively associated with generalized trust, ethnic diversity at the macro-level is still the most powerful factor in our analysis predicting students’ generalized trust. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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