The effect of a combination of ethanol extract of Physalis angulata L. with antibiotic against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonie
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Abstract
Infectious disease is one of the biggest health problems not only in Indonesia, but worldwide. Bacteria are important agents in causing infectious diseases. Indonesian people often use antibiotics along with herbal medicines. Cecendet (Physalis angulata L.) is one of the traditional plants that have antibacterial activity and widely used by the Indonesian community. This study aims to test the antibacterial activity of cecendet herbs and their effects when used in combination with various antibiotics. The preparation of P.angulata extract was carried out using reflux method with ethanol 50%. The characteristic examination and phytochemical screening are examined on simplicia and the extract. Determination of antibacterial activity from P.angulata extract was done by microdilution test method by assessing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Determination of the effectiveness of combination of antibiotics with herbal cecendet against test microbes Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae was done by using checkerboard method. The results of phytochemical screening showed that simplicia and P.angulata extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, steroids and triterpenoids. The result of antibacterial activity test showed that P.angulata extract had antibacterial activity against S.aureus and K.pneumoniae with the MIC was 128 μg/mL, 256 μg/mL. The synergistic interaction of S.aureus is demonstrated by the combination of P.angulata herb extract with tetracycline. The additive/indifferent interaction of S.aureus is demonstrated by the combination of P.angulata extracts with ampicillin, and against K.pneumoniae shown by the combination of P.angulata extract of cecendet with ampicillin or tetracycline. Ethanol extract of P.angulata has antibacterial activity and and combination with antibiotics (ampicillin/tetracyclin) can give synergistic effect or additive of S.aureus and K.pneumoniae bacteria.
Keywords: Cecendet, Physalis angulata L., MIC, antibiotic combination
Abstrak
Penyakit infeksi merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan terbesar tidak saja di Indonesia, namun di seluruh dunia. Bakteri merupakan agen penting dalam menyebabkan penyakit infeksi. ...Seringkali masyarakat Indonesia menggunakan antibiotik bersamaan dengan penggunaan obat herbal. Cecendet (Physalis angulata L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman tradisional yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri dan banyak digunakan oleh masyakat Indonesia secara turun menurun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antibakteri herba cecendet dan pengaruhnya jika digunakan kombinasi dengan antibiotik. Pembuatan ekstrak herba cecendet dilakukan menggunakan metode refluks dengan pelarut etanol 50%. Terhadap simplisia dan ekstrak yang diperoleh, dilakukan pemeriksaan karakteristik dan penapisan fitokimia. Penentuan aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak herba cecendet dilakukan dengan metode uji mikrodilusi dengan menilai konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM). Penentuan efektivitas kombinasi ekstrak herba cecendet dengan antibiotik (ampisilin/tetrasiklin) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Klebsiella pneumoniae dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode papan catur (Checkerboard). Hasil penapisan fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa simplisia dan ekstrak etanol herba cecendet mengandung alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, polifenol, monoterpenoid, seskuiterpen, steroid dan triterpenoid. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol herba cecendet mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S.aureus dan K.pneumoniae dengan konsentrasi hambat minimum berturut-turut adalah 128 µg/mL, 256 µg/mL. Interaksi yang sinergis terhadap S.aureus ditunjukkan oleh kombinasi ekstrak herba cecendet dengan tetrasiklin. Interaksi yang aditif/indifferent terhadap S.aureus ditunjukkan oleh kombinasi ekstrak herba cecendet dengan ampisilin, dan terhadap K.pneumoniae ditunjukkan oleh kombinasi ekstrak herba cecendet dengan ampisilin atau tetrasiklin. Ekstrak etanol herba cecendet memiliki aktivitas antibakteri dan dan kombinasi dengan antibiotik (ampisilin/tetrasiklin) dapat memberikan efek sinergis atau aditif bakteri S.aureus dan K.pneumoniae. Kata kunci: Cecendet, Physalis angulata L., konsentasi hambat minimum, antibakteri, kombinasi antibiotik
The effect of a combination of ethanol extract of Physalis angulata L. with antibiotic against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonie
Abstract
Infectious disease is one of the biggest health problems not only in Indonesia, but worldwide. Bacteria are important agents in causing infectious diseases. Indonesian people often use antibiotics along with herbal medicines. Cecendet (Physalis angulata L.) is one of the traditional plants that have antibacterial activity and widely used by the Indonesian community. This study aims to test the antibacterial activity of cecendet herbs and their effects when used in combination with various antibiotics. The preparation of P.angulata extract was carried out using reflux method with ethanol 50%. The characteristic examination and phytochemical screening are examined on simplicia and the extract. Determination of antibacterial activity from P.angulata extract was done by microdilution test method by assessing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Determination of the effectiveness of combination of antibiotics with herbal cecendet against test microbes Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae was done by using checkerboard method. The results of phytochemical screening showed that simplicia and P.angulata extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, steroids and triterpenoids. The result of antibacterial activity test showed that P.angulata extract had antibacterial activity against S.aureus and K.pneumoniae with the MIC was 128 μg/mL, 256 μg/mL. The synergistic interaction of S.aureus is demonstrated by the combination of P.angulata herb extract with tetracycline. The additive/indifferent interaction of S.aureus is demonstrated by the combination of P.angulata extracts with ampicillin, and against K.pneumoniae shown by the combination of P.angulata extract of cecendet with ampicillin or tetracycline. Ethanol extract of P.angulata has antibacterial activity and and combination with antibiotics (ampicillin/tetracyclin) can give synergistic effect or additive of S.aureus and K.pneumoniae bacteria.
Keywords: Cecendet, Physalis angulata L., MIC, antibiotic combination
ABSTRAKPenggunaan antibiotik dengan intensitas yang relatif tinggi menimbulkan berbagai permasalahan dan merupakan ancaman global bagi kesehatan terutama resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik. ...Indonesia yang kaya akan keanekaragaman hayati, menjadi potensi besar bagi pengembangan obat-obatan dari tanaman, termasuk tanaman yang berkhasiat sebagai antimikroba. Salah satu tanaman tersebut adalah karuk (Piper sarmentosum Roxb.). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antimikroba dari ekstrak etanol daun karuk (Piper sarmentosum Roxb.) terhadap Streptococcus mutans dan Candida albicans. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Pengujian aktivitas antimikroba menggunakan metode difusi agar perforasi dan metode mikrodilusi. Hasil menunjukkan dari 3 konsentrasi ekstrak uji, konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun karuk 80% menghasilkan diameter hambat terbesar terhadap Streptococcus mutans dan Candida albicans yaitu 19,87 mm dan 15,13 mm. Konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) ekstrak etanol daun karuk terhadap Streptococcus mutans sebesar 4096 µg/mL, sedangkan KHM tetrasiklin sebesar 256 µg/mL. Nilai KHM ekstrak etanol daun karuk terhadap Candida albicans sebesar 4096 µg/mL, sedangkan KHM ketokonazol sebesar 100 µg/mL.Kata kunci : Antimikroba, Daun Karuk (Piper sarmentosum Roxb.), Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicansABSTRACT The use of antibiotics with relatively high intensity raises variety of problems and is a global threat to health, especially of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Indonesia is rich in biodiversity, being a huge potential for development of medicines from plants, including plants that are useful as antimicrobials. One of that plants is karuk (Piper sarmentosum Roxb.). The aim of this research was to study antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract from karuk leaf against Streptococcus mutans dan Candida albicans. Extraction was done by maceration method using ethanol 96% as solvent. Antimicrobial activity test was done by agar diffusion method and microdilution method. The result showed that among 3 concentration of testesd extract, extract concentrations 80% produce the biggest inhibition diameter 19,87 mm and 15,13 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethanolic extract from karuk leaf against Streptococcus mutans was 4096 µg/mL, while MIC of tetracycline was 8 µg/mL. MIC value of ethanolic extract from karuk leaf against Candida albicans was 4096 µg/mL, while MIC of ketokonazole was 100 µg/mL. Keywords : Antimicrobial, Karuk Leaf (Piper sarmentosum Roxb.), Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans
Abstract
Cholesterol is a type of lipid found in the body that aids in the digestion of food and is required for the formation of hormones. Even yet, increased levels in the blood can raise the risk ...of coronary heart attacks. Medicinal plants, in addition to pharmacological therapy, can be used to prevent levels from rising. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) is one of these herbs. The goal of this study was to see if an ethanol extract of lemongrass leaves could lower cholesterol levels in wistar rats. Maceration was used to extract the ethanol from lemongrass leaves. In pharmacological testing, 25 rats were separated into five groups: the control group, the comparison group for simvastatin 0.9 mg/kg bw, the test group at 13 mg/kg bw, 26 mg/kg bw, and 52 mg/kg bw, and the test group at 13 mg/kg bw, 26 mg/kg bw, and 52 mg/kg bw. Cholesterol 1g/kg bw and PTU 100 mg/kg bw were employed as inductors and were supplied for 14 days with the test preparation. The levels of cholesterol in the blood were tested. The results demonstrated that the ethanolic extract of lemongrass leaves could considerably reduce cholesterol levels (p<0.005) when compared to the control group. The ethanol extract dose of 52 mg/kg bw had the greatest inhibitory effect on cholesterol levels, implying that the ethanol extract of lemongrass leaves had anticholesterol potential.
Abstract
Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that occurs in the skin. An example of a drug that can induce psoriasis is imiquimod. This study aims to determine the effect of water extract of
...Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
L. Vahl. leaves on haematological profile, spleen organ index and spleen histology in male Balb/c mice induced imiquimod. The extract was made by boiling water. The animals divided into 6 groups: normal, control, methotrexate 0.2 mg/kg BW, the extract at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg BW. Measurement of the haematological profile was carried out in the end of the srudy and the parameters were white blood cells, lymphocytes, mid-sized cells (MID), granulocytes, red blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit and platelets. The results showed that the extract at all doses can increase white blood cells including lymphocytes, MID, granulocytes, red blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit and platelets compared to control group (p<0.05). The result also showed that the extract at all dose can prevent enlargement of the spleen and reduce the level of lymphocyte infiltration in the spleen. It can be concluded that the water extract of S.jamaicensis leaves affects the haematological profile and spleen organ on animal induced imiquimod.
Bacterial skin infection is a common infection in Indonesia. Staphylococcus aureus cause skin and soft tissue infections and Propionibacterium acnes causes acne (acnes vulgaris). Moringa oleifera, ...Piper betle, and Leucaena leucocephala leaves traditionally use as. This study aims is to evaluate antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of the leaves from Lembang highland against S. aureus and P. acnes. The extract of each leaves prepared using reflux in 50% ethanol and examination of antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract using the microdilution method in vitro. The results showed that the ethanol extracts of M.oleifera, P.betle, and L.leucocephala leaves had antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. acnes with different minimum inhibitory concentrations. The greatest antibacterial activity against S.aureus was shown by the ethanol extract of moringa leaves (MIC = 1024 µg/ml), where the greatest antibacterial activity against P. acnes was possessed by the ethanol extract of betel leaves (MIC = 512 µg/ml).
Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by the appearance of lesions on the skin. The current treatment aims to control the symptoms. The efficacy of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) ...Vahl’s for autoimmune rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus has been tested in animal models. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of the water extract of S. jamaicensis leaves on psoriasis model animal (male Balb/c mice) induced topically by imiquimod. The water extract of S. jamaicensis leaves is made by boiling. The animal was divided into groups: normal, control, methotrexate 0.2 mg/kgBW, the extract (doses 25, 50 and 100 mg/kgBW). The measured parameters were the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score and skin histopathology. The results showed that all doses of the extract could reduce the PASI score when compared to the control group. Histological results showed that there was a decrease in keratin growth in test animals that were given the extract. Extracts at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kgBW can reduce the thickening of keratin in the epidermis of the back and ears. It can be concluded that the water extract of S. jamaicensis leaf has the most effective activity to prevent psoriasis recurrence in the dose range of 25 and 50 mg/kgBW.Keywords: Psoriasis, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis leaf water extract, PASI, keratin, imiquimod
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