The paper summarizes the present and future course of biosorption and bioaccumulation, as the branch of science, pointing out on their basic assumptions, philosophy and the goals. The processes are ...presented as new tools for separation technologies of XXI century. The paper is the discussion with the literature on the future prospects of those processes, pointing out that research should be oriented on the practical applications, in order to make technologies from the processes and also discusses other than environmental possible future applications. It presents an own point of view on these techniques, after some years of working in this very area.
Biosorption and bioaccumulation, involve interactions and concentration of toxic metals or organic pollutants (e.g. dyes) in the biomass, either living (bioaccumulation) or non-living (biosorption). The processes play an important role in natural cycling of matter in the environment. The paper discusses the possibilities which offer research on pollutants-biomass interactions, pointing out that the key to elaborate an efficient method working for the nature would be to understand the mechanisms governing the processes, parameters which influence both equilibrium and kinetics, through the observation of naturally occurring phenomena. Only then we would be able to control and carry out under industrial regime, so the processes would work beneficially for the environment.
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•The use of biological waste is a solution that recovers valuable fertilizer components.•Nutrients recycling in accordance with the circular economy assumption is suggested.•Bio-waste ...management can improve valuable materials recovery.•There is a chance to replace chemical fertilizers with bio-based products.•Practical solutions are needed for the implementation of biomass valorization to fertilizers.
Although for the past 100 years, fertilizer technologies have increasingly used renewable resources, the majority of manufactured products are still based on mineral deposits and fossil fuels. The European Commission has set a goal of 30% reduction of non-renewable resources in fertilizer production. This can only be accomplished if there are incentives for wastes valorization and fines for making use of non-renewable raw materials. This will enable the reduction of eutrophication of surface waters due to the presence of nitrogen and phosphorus, originating from agricultural fields fertilizers. The use of biological waste is a practical solution to recover valuable fertilizer components. In order to effectively implement technologies based on biological resources, it is necessary to construct small wastes solubilization or fertilizer installations at the site of waste generation, which will solve the problem of waste transport or sanitary hazards.
Marine Algae Extracts Kim, Se-Kwon; Chojnacka, Katarzyna
2015, 2015-01-30, 2015-02-10
eBook
Designed as the primary reference for the biotechnological use of macroalgae, this comprehensive handbook covers the entire value chain from the cultivation of algal biomass to harvesting and ...processing it, to product extraction and formulation. In addition to covering a wide range of product classes, from polysaccharides to terpenes and from enyzmes to biofuels, it systematically discusses current and future applications of algae-derived products in pharmacology, medicine, cosmetics, food and agriculture. In doing so, it brings together the expertise of marine researchers, biotechnologists and process engineers for a one-stop resource on the biotechnology of marine macroalgae.
The management of biowaste and agricultural solid waste is gaining attention due to rising landfill disposal costs and the need for locally available agricultural feedstocks. The biorefinery concept ...aims to achieve zero waste through valorizing residues as fertilizers. Despite containing NPK macronutrients, residues may not promote plant growth due to limited nutrient availability and phytotoxic compounds. The production of valuable organic, mineral-organic, or mineral fertilizers with confirmed agronomic properties as marketable biorefinery products remains understudied. This comprehensive review broadens our understanding of fertilizer production in biorefineries, which complements the energy (thermal, biogas, biodiesel) and chemical compounds (e.g., succinic acid, propanediol, protein concentrates) that are also generated within biorefineries. It is among the first reviews to investigate the importance of valorizing biorefinery residues as fertilizers, emphasizing methods leading to commercial products and the rationale behind this process. The findings confirm that directly applying unprocessed residues to the soil does not fully exploit their value as by-products. This study contributes to the practical analysis of barriers (legal, chemical, biological, technological) and opportunities (rising prices and reduced global availability of mineral fertilizers) related to fertilizer production in the biorefining process.
In recent times, the issue of plastic recycling has become one of the leading issues of environmental protection and waste management. Polymer materials have been found an application in many areas ...of daily life and industry. Along with their extended use, the problem of plastic wastes appeared because, after withdrawal from use, they became persistent and noxious wastes. The possibility of reusing polymeric materials gives a possibility of valorization—a second life—and enables effective waste utilization to obtain consumable products. The 3D printing market is a well-growing sector. Printable filaments can be made from a variety of thermoplastic materials, including those from recycling. This paper focuses on a review of the available literature on the production of filaments for 3D printers from recycled polymers as the alternative to present approach of central selective collection of plastics. The possibility of recycling of basic thermoplastic materials and the impact of processing on their physicochemical and mechanical properties were verified (Lanzotti et al.
2019
). In addition, commercially available filaments produced from recycled materials and devices which allow self-production of filaments to 3D printing from plastic waste were reviewed.
In recent years, biosorption process has become an economic and eco-friendly alternative treatment technology in the water and wastewater industry. In this light, a number of biosorbents were ...developed and are successfully employed for treating various pollutants including metals, dyes, phenols, fluoride, and pharmaceuticals in solutions (aqueous/oil). However, still there are few technical barriers in the biosorption process that impede its commercialization and thus to overcome these problems there has been a steadily growing interest in this research field. This resulted in large numbers of publications and patents each year. This review reports the state of the art in biosorption research. In this review, we provide a compendium of know-how in laboratory methodology, mathematical modeling of equilibrium and kinetics, identification of the biosorption mechanism. Various mathematical models of biosorption were discussed: the process in packed-bed column arrangement, as well as by suspended biomass. Particular attention was paid to patents in biosorption and pilot-scale systems. In addition, we provided future aspects in biosorption research.
Purpose The article poses a research question: Is decarbonization an alternative or a necessity? In view of the current problems with coal supplies on the one hand, and the need to take care of the ...environment on the other, the question posed takes on a deeper meaning. Particularly when sustainable management of natural resources and broad energy policies appear in the background. Therefore, the research hypothesis is: decarbonization, as one of the recently imposed trends, is indicated from the point of view of sustainable management of natural resources as part of the energy policy and and as a desirable solution in order to to take care of the environment and current problems with coal supplies.Research method The article uses several research methods: literature studies, se- condary data analysis, analysis of figures in the economic aspect or elements of compa- ratism.Results The analysis shows that decarbonization is desirable (it is supported by economic and environmental considerations). Moreover, it is a necessity and follows from the adopted national energy strategy, which is influenced by the EUs climate and energy policy, based on the pursuit of climate neutrality of the EU by 2050.Originality/value/implications/recommendations The presented point of view, sup- ported by a preliminary analysis of available statistical data, can be considered as the authors opinion leading to more in-depth analyses based on more and more recent data in the future. In view of the above, the article is a voice in the discussion on the role and importance of energy policy, in the context of the concept of sustainable development, with a particular focus on one of the components of the European Green Deal. The in- cluded commentary on decarbonization, treated as one of the recently imposed trends, was intended to stimulate the readers thoughts and their own assessment of the changes taking place and the challenges that go along with them. The text was developed as part of the research project: SUPB.RN.21.109, Id: 538.
In the current situation of a serious raw material crisis related to the disruption of supply chains, the bioeconomy is of particular significance. Rising prices and the problem with the availability ...of natural gas have made N fertilizers production very expensive. It is expected that due to natural gas shortages, conventional production of nitrogen fertilizers by chemical synthesis will be hindered in the coming season. An important alternative and an opportunity to solve the problems of fertilizer nitrogen availability are biological wastewater treatment plants, which can be treated as a renewable biological nitrogen mines. Sewage sludge (including activated sludge) contains up to 6–8% DM. N. Considering the quantity of sewage sludge generated in wastewater treatment plants, it can become an important raw material for the sustainable production of organic-mineral fertilizers from renewable resources available locally, with a low carbon footprint. Furthermore, the sewage sludge management method should take nitrogen retention into account and should not allow the emission of greenhouse gases containing nitrogen. This article analyzes the technological solutions of nitrogen recovery for fertilization purposes from biological wastewater treatment plants in the context of a new and difficult resource situation. Conventional and new nitrogen recovery methods were analyzed from the perspective of the current legal situation. An attempt was made to evaluate the possibility of implementing the assumptions of the circular economy through the recovery of renewable nitrogen resources from municipal wastewater treatment plants.
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•Lack of continuity in the supply of raw materials results in the need to seek alternative N resources.•Sewage sludge, including activated sludge, contains up to 6–8% of N by dry matter.•The agricultural applicability of streams from AD or HTC depends on the origin of the sludge.•The selection of valorization method is responsible for the safety of sludge application.•Nitrogen recovery from wastewater treatment plants has high potential in the fertilizer sector.
Abstract
This study aimed to prepare a bioactive acrylic material by adding different types of glasses. Commercially available polymerized acrylic resin was mixed with 10% of four different types of ...glasses in the powder form and cured. Flexural strength, sorption, and solubility of the samples were tested according to ISO 20795-1:2013. The total number of samples used in the tests were 60. The materials were placed in artificial saliva of pH 4 and 7, and elution was performed for 0, 1, 28, and 42 days. The collected samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry to detect Ca, P, and Si ions and using ion chromatography to detect F ions. The materials obtained after modification with glasses showed lower compressive strength compared with pure polymethyl methacrylate but met the standard requirements. Two glass types showed higher solubility values compared with the value defined by the ISO standard. Biomin C and S53P4 released Ca, P, and Si ions, respectively, after 42 days in artificial saliva. Acrylic resins modified with 10% Biomin C and S53P4 glasses can be a valuable source of Ca and P ions under acid conditions for 28 and 42 days.
The increase in livestock production creates a serious problem of managing animal waste and by-products. Among the wide range of waste valorization methods available, anaerobic digestion is very ...promising. It is a form of material recycling that also produces renewable energy in the form of biogas, which is reminiscent of energy recycling. The effluent and digestate from the anaerobic digestion process need to be processed further. These materials are widely used in agriculture due to their composition. Both the liquid and solid fractions of digestate are high in nitrogen, making them a valuable source for plants. Before soil or foliar application, conditioning (e.g., with inorganic acids) and neutralization (e.g., with potassium hydroxide) is required to eliminate odorous compounds and microorganisms. Various methods of conducting the process by anaerobic digestion (use of additives increasing activity of microorganisms, co-digestion, multiple techniques of substrate preparation) and the possibility of controlling process parameters such as optimal C/N ratio (15–30), optimal temperature (psychrophilic (<20 °C), mesophilic (35–37 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) for microorganism activity ensure high efficiency of the process. Literature data describing tests of various digestates on different plants prove high efficiency, determined by yield increase (even by 28%), nitrogen uptake (by 20%) or phosphorus recovery rate (by 43%) or increase of biometric parameters (e.g., leaf area).
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•Anaerobic digestate can be a part of a nutrient management program.•The liquid fraction of digestate can be used for fertigation and for hydroponics.•A solid fraction of digestate can be implemented in soil fertilization.•The salinity and phytotoxicity of liquid fractions should be evaluated before using.•Digestate and effluents are most widely used in fertilizing grass for biogas production.
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