Abstract
Four billion people worldwide have experienced coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) confinement. Such unprecedented extent of mobility restriction to curb the COVID-19 pandemic may have ...profound impacts on how individuals live, travel and retain well-being. This systematic review aims to identify (i) the social consequences of mass quarantine—community-wide movement restrictions—during previous and current infectious disease outbreaks and (ii) recommended strategies to mitigate the negative social implications of COVID-19 lockdowns. Considering social determinants of health, we conducted a systematic review by searching five databases (Ovid-MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and the World Health Organization COVID-19 database) for publications from inception to 9 April 2020. No limitation was set on language, location or study type. Studies that (i) contained peer-reviewed original empirical evidence and (ii) focussed on non-epidemiological implications of mass quarantine were included. We thematically synthesized and reported data due to heterogeneous disease and country context. Of 3067 publications found, 15 original peer-reviewed articles were selected for full-text extraction. Psychological distress, heightened communication inequalities, food insecurity, economic challenges, diminished access to health care, alternative delivery of education and gender-based violence were identified as negative social consequences of community-based quarantine in six infectious disease epidemics, including the current COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast, altruistic attitudes were identified as a positive consequence during previous quarantines. Diverse psychological and social consequences of mass quarantine in previous and current epidemics were evident, but individual country policies had been highly varied in how well they addressed the needs of affected individuals, especially those who are socially marginalized. Policymakers should balance the pros and cons of movement restrictions, facilitate multisectoral action to tackle social inequalities, provide clear and coherent guidance to the public and undertake time-bound policy evaluations to mitigate the negative impact of COVID-19 lockdowns and to establish preparedness strategies for future epidemics.
Objectives
This qualitative sub‐study aimed to explore how cisgender gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (cis‐GBMSM) and transgender people who reported non‐consensual sex (NCS) ...accessed health care services, what barriers they faced, and how this experience influenced subsequent HIV testing.
Methods
SELPHI is an online randomized controlled trial evaluating both acceptability and efficiency of HIV‐self testing among cis‐GBMSM and transgender people. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted, audio‐recorded, transcribed, and analysed through a framework analysis, as a qualitative sub‐study. We identified narratives of NCS from interviews and investigated experiences of cis‐GBMSM and transgender people accessing health care services following sexual assault.
Results
Of 95 participants, 15 (16%) spontaneously reported NCS. Participants reported a broad range of NCS, including partner's coercive behaviours, non‐consensual removal of condoms, and rapes. All feared HIV transmission, leading them to test for HIV, underlining a marked lack of awareness of post‐exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Most had negative experiences in communicating with reception staff in sexual health clinics following these incidents. A lack of confidentiality and empathy was described in these situations of psychological distress. Clinic visits were primarily focused on testing for HIV and sexually transmitted infection, and generally no specific psychological support was offered. Getting a negative HIV result was a key step in regaining control for people who experienced NCS.
Conclusions
Sexual health care providers should take care to more fully address the issue of NCS with cis‐GBMSM and transgender people when it arises. Recognizing and managing the emotional impact of NCS on affected patients would prevent negative experiences and increase confidence in care.
Background
Physical distancing and facemask use are worldwide recognized as effective non‐pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against the coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19). Since January 2020, ...Taiwan has introduced both NPIs but their effectiveness on non‐COVID‐19 respiratory viruses (NCRVs) remain underexplored.
Methods
This retrospective observational study examined electronic records at a tertiary hospital in northern Taiwan from pre‐COVID (January–December 2019) to post‐COVID period (January–May 2020). Patients with respiratory syndromes were tested for both enveloped (eg, influenza virus and seasonal coronavirus) and non‐enveloped RVs (eg, enterovirus and rhinovirus) using multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. Monthly positivity rates of NCRVs among adult and pediatric patients were analyzed with comparison between pre‐ and post‐COVID periods.
Results
A total of 9693 patients underwent 12 127 multiplex RT‐PCR tests. The average positivity rate of NCRVs reduced by 11.2% (25.6% to 14.4%) after nationwide PHIs. Despite the COVID‐19 pandemic, the most commonly identified enveloped and non‐enveloped viruses were influenza virus and enterovirus/rhinovirus, respectively. Observed reduction in NCRV incidence was predominantly contributed by enveloped NCRVs including influenza viruses. We did not observe epidemiological impacts of NPIs on non‐enveloped viruses but an increasing trend in enterovirus/rhinovirus test positivity rate among pediatric patients. Our data were validated using Taiwan's national notification database.
Conclusions
Our frontline investigation suggests that the current NPIs in Taiwan might not effectively control the transmission of non‐enveloped respiratory viruses, despite their protective effects against influenza and seasonal coronavirus. Health authorities may consider using hydrogen peroxide or chloride‐based disinfectants as additional preventative strategies against non‐enveloped respiratory viruses in the post‐COVID‐19 era.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection is proved to be effective and has been implemented worldwide. This article introduces the guideline ...development and revised recommendations and guidance on PrEP provision in the updated Taiwan PrEP guideline. The Taiwan PrEP guideline writing group searched randomized controlled trials and guidelines published before October 2017 through Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Database, Embase and ClinicalTrials.gov database. Keywords included pre(-)exposure prophylaxis, PrEP, Truvada, tenofovir, HIV, and AIDS. Each selected article was assessed by two authors using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. External reviewers were invited to independently evaluate the revised manuscript per the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II. Before publication, a public consultation was held to reach consensus on the updated guideline among providers, civil society, and Taiwan Centers for Disease Control. Four systematic reviews and 28 original articles were reviewed by Taiwan PrEP writing group. The second version of the Taiwan PrEP guideline was released in March 2018. We recommended daily PrEP use for the following populations: strong recommendation and high quality of evidence for men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW), as well as heterosexual serodiscordant couples; weak recommendation and high quality of evidence for people who inject drugs, while weak recommendation and moderate quality of evidence for at-risk heterosexual men and women. There is high-quality evidence for event-driven PrEP in MSM and likely TGW, and we additionally recognized these key populations could benefit from such dosing regimen.
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