Rapid development of COVID-19 has resulted in a massive shift from traditional to online teaching. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of distance learning on anatomy and surgical ...training.
This systematic review was conducted in line with the PRISMA statement and current methodological literature. The databases CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE and Pubmed were searched using the search terms “Distant learning” OR “Distance learning” AND “Anatomy OR Surgery”. 182 non-duplicate studies were identified. 20 studies were included for qualitative analysis.
10 studies evaluated students' performance with distance learning. 3 studies suggested that students’ learning motivation improved with distance learning pedagogy. 5 studies found improved student performance with distance learning (performance or task completion time) when compared to conventional physical method. While 2 other studies found non-inferior student performance.
10 studies evaluated students’ feedback on distance learning. Most feedbacks were positive, with flexibility, efficiency, increased motivation and better viewing angles as the most-liked features of distance teaching. 4 studies pointed out some limitations of distance learning, including the lack of personal contact with tutor, poor network and reduced student concentration.
7 studies evaluated tutors’ feedback on distance learning. Tutors generally liked online platforms for the ease of tracking silent students, monitoring performance and updating fast-changing knowledge. Yet the lack of hands-on experience for students, technical issues and high costs are the main concerns for tutors.
In conclusion, distance learning is a feasible alternative for anatomy and surgical teaching.
• E-learning groups demonstrated non-inferiority when compared to physical models.• Students and tutors' feedback were generally positive.• E-learning is considered flexible and efficient by students.• Lack of hands-on experience, technical issues and costs are the concerns of E-learning.
Picoeukaryotes (<2 to 3 km) are important components of aquatic ecosystems. The genetic diversity and seasonal variability of marine picoeukaryotes were compared between a semi-enclosed harbour and ...the adjacent open sea off the subtropical coast in the western Pacific Ocean based on 18S rRNA clone library analysis. Examination of 733 clones revealed 186 different restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns, representing 186 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). At least 19 high-level taxonomic groups of picoeukaryotes were recorded. Alveolates group II, ciliates and stramenopiles comprising 37, 17 and 11% of the picoeukaryotes, respectively, were the most dominant groups. Phototrophs such as prasinophytes, cryptophytes and haptophytes were retrieved occasionally. Members from the 2 newly defined phyla, picobiliphytes and Telonemia, were also obtained. A differential spatial distribution of OTUs was observed between samples collected from the 2 sampling sites. Seasonal variations in picoeukaryote composition were more pronounced in the open sea libraries than in the semi- enclosed harbour libraries.
By using the double emitting layer (DEML) structure in a blue triplet‐triplet annihilation organic light‐emitting diode (TTA‐OLED), maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 16.1% with CIE ...coordinates of (0.135, 0.188) and half‐lifetime of 224,000 hours at initial luminance of 1,000 cd/m2was achieved. The degradation mechanism of TTA‐OLEDs was also investigated by conducting photoluminescence degradation experiment.
During evolution of animals, their co-evolution with bacteria has generally been ignored. Recent studies have provided evidences that the symbiotic bacteria in the animal gut can either be essential ...or contributing to the plasticity of the host. The Crustacea includes crab, crayfish, lobster, and shrimp and represents the second largest subphylum on the planet. Although there are already studies investigating the intestinal bacterial communities in crustaceans, none of them has examined the microbiota in different parts of the digestive system during the gonad development of the host. Here, we utilized a new shrimp model Neocaridina denticulata and sequenced the 16S rRNA using the Ion Torrent platform to survey the bacterial populations colonizing the hepatopancreas, foregut, and intestine, including midgut and hindgut, of the early, mid, and late ovarian maturation stages of the shrimp. The predominant bacteria phylum was found to be Proteobacteria, with more than 80 % reads from the gut flora at the early gonad development belonged to a Coxiella-type bacterium. Distinct bacterial communities can be detected between the hepatopancreas and gut, although no significant difference could be revealed between the different regions of the gut investigated. Surprisingly, during the gonad development, bacterial diversity changed rapidly in the gut but not the hepatopancreas. This study provides the first evidence that microbiota modified differentially in specific regions of the digestive tract during gonadal development of crustaceans.
The reduction of metal nitride to ammonia is a key step in biological and chemical nitrogen fixation. We report herein the facile reduction of a ruthenium(VI) nitrido complex (L)RuVI(N)(OH2)+ (1, ...L = N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-o-cyclohexyldiamine dianion) to (L)RuIII(NH3)(OH2)+ by l-cysteine (Cys), an ubiquitous biological reductant, in aqueous solution. At pH 1.0–5.3, the reaction has the following stoichiometry: (L)RuVI(N)(OH2)+ + 3HSCH2CH(NH3)CO2 → (L)RuIII(NH3)(OH2)+ + 1.5(SCH2CH(NH3)CO2)2. Kinetic studies show that at pH 1 the reaction consists of two phases, while at pH 5 there are three distinct phases. For all phases the rate law is rate = k 21Cys. Studies on the effects of acidity indicate that both HSCH2CH(NH3 +)CO2 – and –SCH2CH(NH3 +)CO2 – are kinetically active species. At pH 1, the reaction is proposed to go through (L)RuIV(NHSCH2CHNH3CO2H)(OH2)2+ (2a), (L)RuIII(NH2SCH2CHNH3CO2H)(OH2)2+ (3), and (L)RuIV(NH2)(OH2)+ (4) intermediates. On the other hand, at pH around 5, the proposed intermediates are (L)RuIV(NHSCH2CHNH3CO2)(OH2)+ (2b) and (L)RuIV(NH2)(OH2)+ (4). The intermediate ruthenium(IV) sulfilamido species, (L)RuIV(NHSCH2CHNH3CO2H)(OH2)2+ (2a) and the final ruthenium(III) ammine species, (L)RuIII(NH3)(MeOH)+ (5) (where H2O was replaced by MeOH) have been isolated and characterized by various spectroscopic methods.
The reduction of metal nitride to ammonia is a key step in biological and chemical nitrogen fixation. We report herein the facile reduction of a ruthenium(VI) nitrido complex (L)Ru
(N)(OH
)
(1, L = ...N, N'-bis(salicylidene)- o-cyclohexyldiamine dianion) to (L)Ru
(NH
)(OH
)
by l-cysteine (Cys), an ubiquitous biological reductant, in aqueous solution. At pH 1.0-5.3, the reaction has the following stoichiometry: (L)Ru
(N)(OH
)
+ 3HSCH
CH(NH
)CO
→ (L)Ru
(NH
)(OH
)
+ 1.5(SCH
CH(NH
)CO
)
. Kinetic studies show that at pH 1 the reaction consists of two phases, while at pH 5 there are three distinct phases. For all phases the rate law is rate = k
1Cys. Studies on the effects of acidity indicate that both HSCH
CH(NH
)CO
and
SCH
CH(NH
)CO
are kinetically active species. At pH 1, the reaction is proposed to go through (L)Ru
(NHSCH
CHNH
CO
H)(OH
)
(2a), (L)Ru
(NH
SCH
CHNH
CO
H)(OH
)
(3), and (L)Ru
(NH
)(OH
)
(4) intermediates. On the other hand, at pH around 5, the proposed intermediates are (L)Ru
(NHSCH
CHNH
CO
)(OH
)
(2b) and (L)Ru
(NH
)(OH
)
(4). The intermediate ruthenium(IV) sulfilamido species, (L)Ru
(NHSCH
CHNH
CO
H)(OH
)
(2a) and the final ruthenium(III) ammine species, (L)Ru
(NH
)(MeOH)
(5) (where H
O was replaced by MeOH) have been isolated and characterized by various spectroscopic methods.
Drawing from both the IS and economics perspectives, the present study shows that the quality management of IT matters to firm performance. It is the first attempt to evaluate firm efficiency by ...incorporating the effect of IT capability using a sample of small- and medium-sized enterprises in China and adopting the two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. The efficiency of Chinese enterprises is estimated using DEA. The estimated efficiency score of the enterprises is then regressed on a set of variables in which measures of IT capability are the focus. The input-based DEA results indicated that about 35% of existing inputs were required to produce existing output had the enterprises been efficient. The Tobit results showed that the better IT competency of employees was, the more overall and pure technical efficient the enterprise was. Also, enterprises located in the coastal area were found to be less efficient while enterprises with smaller size operated with more scale efficient.
Hypoxia is the most widespread deleterious consequence of eutrophication and has become a major cause of fishery decline. One feature of chronic exposure to hypoxia in fish is inhibition of feeding. ...In this study, we investigated if the gene that encodes the appetite-suppressing hormone leptin is regulated by hypoxia in zebrafish (
Danio rerio). Exposure of adult zebrafish to hypoxic conditions (1
±
0.2
mg
O
2
L
−1) for 4 and 10 days significantly increased leptin-a (
zlep-
a) mRNA levels in the liver. To evaluate the role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) in regulating
zlep-
a expression, zebrafish embryos were exposed to cobalt chloride (CoCl
2, a HIF-1 inducer) and overexpressed with HIF-1α mRNA. Both CoCl
2 treatment and HIF-1α overexpression markedly increased
zlep-
a expression in developing embryos, indicating the possible involvement of HIF-1 in
zlep-
a regulation.
In vivo promoter analysis indicated that
zlep-
a promoter activity is found in the muscle fibers of zebrafish embryos and enhanced by CoCl
2. This is the first report to show that leptin gene expression in fish is regulated by hypoxia possibly via the involvement of HIF-1.
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