Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs), particularly planar PSCs, have attracted significant attention because of their high efficiency, low fabrication costs, and simple preparation ...process. However, planar PSCs exhibit lower efficiency and stability than mesoporous PSCs primarily owing to defects in the electron transport layer (ETL). Herein, we introduced a SnO2 nanoparticle-modified TiO2 film (SnO2@TiO2) as an ETL. In addition, we proposed a simple three-step chemical bath method to achieve this SnO2@TiO2 structure at low temperatures (140 °C). The SnO2@TiO2 ETL significantly enhances electron extraction and decreases the trap states at the perovskite/ETL interface. We achieved average efficiencies of 21.27%, 19.79%, 17.21%, and 16.31% at the reverse scan and forward scan for the device areas of 0.10 cm2, 1.13 cm2, 5.25 cm2, and 10.56 cm2, respectively. Moreover, we achieved a certificated efficiency of 15.65% for a normal planar perovskite solar module with a masked area of 10.55 cm2. The SnO2@TiO2-based PSCs exhibit enhanced photocurrent and reduced hysteresis. Furthermore, the solar cell retained about 89% of its initial efficiency after about 750 hours of aging in dark and about 93% for 528 hours under full-sun illumination. Owing to the low-temperature processability and the absence of spin-coating steps, SnO2@TiO2 ETLs will provide a promising path for the commercialization of PSCs.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)-treatments bring significant benefit for patients harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, especially for those with lung cancer. Unfortunately, ...the majority of these patients ultimately develop to the acquired resistance after a period of treatment. Two central mechanisms are involved in the resistant process: EGFR secondary mutations and bypass signaling activations. In an EGFR-dependent manner, acquired mutations, such as T790 M, interferes the interaction between TKIs and the kinase domain of EGFR. While in an EGFR-independent manner, dysregulation of other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) or abnormal activation of downstream compounds both have compensatory functions against the inhibition of EGFR through triggering phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling axes. Nowadays, many clinical trials aiming to overcome and prevent TKIs resistance in various cancers are ongoing or completed. EGFR-TKIs in accompany with the targeted agents for resistance-related factors afford a promising first-line strategy to further clinical application.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) activates host's anti-tumor immune response by blocking negative regulatory immune signals. A series of clinical trials showed that ICI could effectively induce ...tumor regression in a subset of advanced cancer patients. In clinical practice, a main concerning for choosing ICI is the low response rate. Even though multiple predictive biomarkers such as PD-L1 expression, mismatch-repair deficiency, and status of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes have been adopted for patient selection, frequent resistance to ICI monotherapy has not been completely resolved. However, some recent studies indicated that ICI resistance could be alleviated by combination therapy with anti-angiogenesis treatment. Actually, anti-angiogenesis therapy not only prunes blood vessel which is essential to cancer growth and metastasis, but also reprograms the tumor immune microenvironment. Preclinical studies demonstrated that the efficacy of combination therapy of ICI and anti-angiogenesis was superior to monotherapy. In mice model, combination therapy could effectively increase the ratio of anti-tumor/pro-tumor immune cell and decrease the expression of multiple immune checkpoints more than PD-1. Based on exciting results from preclinical studies, many clinical trials were deployed to investigate the synergistic effect of the combination therapy and acquired promising outcome. This review summarized the latest understanding of ICI combined anti-angiogenesis therapy and highlighted the advances of relevant clinical trials.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
To obtain high performance CH
NH
PbI
perovskite solar cells, it is highly important to realise a high open-circuit voltage. Calculation results based on a modified diode model have indicated that a ...low bare ratio ϕ of the perovskite film is the most important factor determining the open-circuit voltage, where ϕ is defined as the ratio of the projection of the uncovered area of the perovskite film to the apparent area of the total substrate surface. To realise a low ϕ, we investigate the nucleation behaviour of crystals on rough substrates. The analysis results predict that, when CH
NH
PbI
is deposited on conventional transparent conductive oxide substrates such as fluorine-doped tin oxide, preferential heterogeneous nucleation will occur on the concave regions of the substrate; then, depending on the subsequent growth step, full coverage of the perovskite film at both the macroscopic and microscopic scales is realised. As a result, an ultra-high open-circuit voltage, i.e., 1.20 V, can be achieved in devices using the full coverage CH
NH
PbI
film. The thermodynamics theory of precipitation nucleation should shed light on solution engineering of thin films.
During tumor progression, a subset of cancer cells escape from immune surveillance and eventually develop into measurable tumor mass. Cancer immunotherapy eradicates tumor cells by enhancing multiple ...steps in cancer-immunity cycle including antigen presentation, T cell priming, activation, and immune killing activity. Immunotherapy has been verified as an effective strategy in multiple cancers, but some problems still exist in actual clinical practice such as frequent primary and adaptive resistance. Combination with other adjuvant therapies gives us a new perspective to overcome the emerging obstacles in immunotherapy application. Recently, a series of studies demonstrated that the vital component of host innate immunity - cGAS-STING pathway might play an important role in anti-cancer immunity. It is generally acknowledged that the downstream signals of cGAS-STING especially type I interferon (IFN) bridge innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Given the functions of type I IFN in promoting the maturation and migration of dendritic cells, enhancing cytotoxic T lymphocyte- or natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity effect, and protecting effector cells from apoptosis, we believe cGAS-STING agonist might be used as sensitizer for multiple immunotherapies such as cancer vaccine, immune checkpoint blockade, and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. In this review, we highlight the latest understanding of cGAS-STING pathway and the advances of the combination therapy of STING agonist and immunotherapy.
For low-temperature paintable carbon based perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the commercial carbon paste utilized to prepare carbon electrodes damages the well-fabricated perovskite films, resulting in ...bad photoelectric properties. Herein, we have successfully prepared a low temperature perovskite-friendly and environmentally benign carbon paste using propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate as a solvent, which has shown a high electrical conductivity. More importantly, with the exclusive carbon paste, the perovskite film keeps a dense and uniform morphology. The as-developed PSCs do not involve the fabrication of organic hole transport materials (HTMs) which are generally expensive and air-sensitive, greatly limiting the long-term stability. The cost-effective HTM-free carbon-based PSCs demonstrate a champion power conversion efficiency of up to 13.5% and a champion open-circuit voltage of up to 1.07 V with an active area of 0.1 cm 2 , the highest value reported so far for carbon-based PSCs with MAPbI 3 as the light harvester. Furthermore, a long-time stability test shows that the solar cells with the as-prepared carbon electrode retain more than 90% of their initial power conversion efficiency after 960 h.
A key challenge in the eco-friendly optoelectronic materials field is to find highly stable and nontoxic perovskite materials. Here, we report the optoelectronic properties and stability of the ...(C6H5NH3)BiI4 perovskite material. Using an eco-friendly gas pump treatment technique, a dense and pinhole-free (C6H5NH3)BiI4 film was fabricated. Remarkably, a large-area (>20 cm2) Bi-based perovskite film was obtained, which is the largest Bi-based perovskite film ever reported. Besides, the (C6H5NH3)BiI4 perovskite exhibits good solubility in ethanol, which is a safe and eco-friendly solvent. Thermogravimetric analysis results show the beginning of weight loss at ∼184 °C, suggesting excellent heat stability of this material. Most importantly, the (C6H5NH3)BiI4 material can tolerate continuous moisture exposure for 334 days in ambient air owing to the presence of a hydrophobic organic chain. To the best of our knowledge, this is the longest moisture stability reported for lead-free perovskite materials so far. This work paves the way for realizing highly stable and nontoxic perovskite materials for potential optoelectronic applications.
The NOTCH gene was identified approximately 110 years ago. Classical studies have revealed that NOTCH signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway. NOTCH receptors undergo three cleavages and ...translocate into the nucleus to regulate the transcription of target genes. NOTCH signaling deeply participates in the development and homeostasis of multiple tissues and organs, the aberration of which results in cancerous and noncancerous diseases. However, recent studies indicate that the outcomes of NOTCH signaling are changeable and highly dependent on context. In terms of cancers, NOTCH signaling can both promote and inhibit tumor development in various types of cancer. The overall performance of NOTCH-targeted therapies in clinical trials has failed to meet expectations. Additionally, NOTCH mutation has been proposed as a predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint blockade therapy in many cancers. Collectively, the NOTCH pathway needs to be integrally assessed with new perspectives to inspire discoveries and applications. In this review, we focus on both classical and the latest findings related to NOTCH signaling to illustrate the history, architecture, regulatory mechanisms, contributions to physiological development, related diseases, and therapeutic applications of the NOTCH pathway. The contributions of NOTCH signaling to the tumor immune microenvironment and cancer immunotherapy are also highlighted. We hope this review will help not only beginners but also experts to systematically and thoroughly understand the NOTCH signaling pathway.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a common leukemia subtype and has a poor prognosis. The risk of AML is highly related to age. In the context of population aging, a comprehensive report presenting ...epidemiological trends of AML is evaluable for policy-marker to allocate healthy resources.
This study was based on the Global Burden of Disease 2017 database. We analyzed the change trends of incidence rate, death rate, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate by calculating the corresponding estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) values. Besides, we investigated the influence of social development degree on AML's epidemiological trends and potential risk factors for AML-related mortality.
From 1990 to 2017, the incidence of AML gradually increased in the globe. Males and elder people had a higher possibility to develop AML. Developed countries tended to have higher age-standardized incidence rate and death rate than developing regions. Smoking, high body mass index, occupational exposure to benzene, and formaldehyde were the main risk factors for AML-related mortality. Notably, the contribution ratio of exposure to carcinogens was significantly increased in the low social-demographic index (SDI) region than in the high SDI region.
Generally, the burden of AML became heavier during the past 28 years which might need more health resources to resolve this population aging-associated problem. In the present stage, developed countries with high SDI had the most AML incidences and deaths. At the same time, developing countries with middle- or low-middle SDI also need to take actions to relieve rapidly increased AML burden.
The immune checkpoint blockade therapy has completely transformed cancer treatment modalities because of its unprecedented and durable clinical responses in various cancers. With the increasing use ...of immune checkpoint blockades in clinical practice, a large number of patients develop acquired resistance. However, the knowledge about acquired resistance to immune checkpoint blockades is limited and poorly summarized. In this review, we clarify the principal elements of acquired resistance to immune checkpoint blockades. The definition of acquired resistance is heterogeneous among groups or societies, but the expert consensus of The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer can be referred. Oligo-progression is the main pattern of acquired resistance. Acquired resistance can be derived from the selection of resistant cancer cell clones that exist in the tumor mass before therapeutic intervention or gradual acquisition in the sensitive cancer cells. Specifically, tumor intrinsic mechanisms include neoantigen depletion, defects in antigen presentation machinery, aberrations of interferon signaling, tumor-induced exclusion/immunosuppression, and tumor cell plasticity. Tumor extrinsic mechanisms include upregulation of other immune checkpoints. Presently, a set of treatment modalities is applied to patients with similar clinical characteristics or resistance mechanisms for overcoming acquired resistance, and hence, further research is required.
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