With the help of Babinet principle, an analytical expression for the self-healing of Bessel beam is derived by using the Gaussian absorption function to describe the obstacle. Based on the analytical ...expression, the self-healing properties of Bessel beam are studied. It shows that Bessel beam has the ability to reconstruct its beam shape disturbed by an obstacle. However, during the self-healing process, not only the intensity of the beam behind the obstacle but also the other part will be affected by the obstruction. Meanwhile, the highlight spot, which intensity is larger than that without the obstacle will appear, and the size and strength of the highlight spot is determined by the size of the obstacle. From the change of Poynting vector and Babinet principle, the physical interpretations for the self-healing ability, the effects of the obstruction on the other part and the appearance of highlight spot are given.
AIMS: To investigate the medium‐pressure (MP) and low‐pressure (LP) Ultraviolet (UV) susceptibility and the repair potential of Enterococcus faecalis (DSM 20478) after UV treatment. METHODS AND ...RESULTS: A range of UV doses from 4 to 19 mJ cm⁻² was selected in this study. Photoreactivation and dark repair performance were investigated under fluorescent light or in the dark respectively. The inactivation and repair performance of UV disinfection under a range of salinities (0, 1%, 3%) and temperature (4 and 25°C) were compared. Results indicated that MP UV exposure resulted in higher inactivation efficiency against Ent. faecalis than LP UV exposure. For repair potential, LP UV resulted in a greater level of light repair than MP UV. Effect of salinity on the inactivation and repair of Ent. faecalis was correlated with UV sources, whereas low temperature generally adversely affected the inactivation efficiency and final repair levels after both MP and LP UV exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Both salinity and temperature demonstrated to play an important role in the inactivation and repair capability when UV light was used to treat ballast water. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Considering that UV‐treated ballast water is exposed or discharged to marine water environment in many countries with various temperature and salinity conditions, results of this study provide significant implications for the management of public health associated with ballast water treatment and discharge.
SUMMARY
Intermediate-depth earthquakes occur at temperatures and pressures thought to prohibit brittle fracture and are deficient in aftershocks compared to shallow earthquakes. We search for ...aftershock sequences of M > 5.5 intermediate-depth earthquakes in two subducting slabs under Japan, and perform a statistical analysis to see if variations in aftershock productivity can be linked to slab properties. Our study regions are the older, colder and steeper Pacific Plate and the younger, warmer, shallower Philippine Sea Plate. We find that productive aftershock sequences behave similarly to those of crustal earthquakes and tend to appear mainly in the Pacific Plate where they are significantly correlated with along-strike variations in VP−VS ratio, suggesting a role for fluids in enabling intermediate-depth aftershock activity.
Biogeochemical signatures preserved in ancient sedimentary rocks provide clues to the nature and timing of the oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere. Geochemical data suggest that oxygenation ...proceeded in two broad steps near the beginning and end of the Proterozoic eon (2,500 to 542 million years ago). The oxidation state of the Proterozoic ocean between these two steps and the timing of deep-ocean oxygenation have important implications for the evolutionary course of life on Earth but remain poorly known. Here we present a new perspective on ocean oxygenation based on the authigenic accumulation of the redox-sensitive transition element molybdenum in sulphidic black shales. Accumulation of authigenic molybdenum from sea water is already seen in shales by 2,650 Myr ago; however, the small magnitudes of these enrichments reflect weak or transient sources of dissolved molybdenum before about 2,200 Myr ago, consistent with minimal oxidative weathering of the continents. Enrichments indicative of persistent and vigorous oxidative weathering appear in shales deposited at roughly 2,150 Myr ago, more than 200 million years after the initial rise in atmospheric oxygen. Subsequent expansion of sulphidic conditions after about 1,800 Myr ago (refs 8, 9) maintained a mid-Proterozoic molybdenum reservoir below 20 per cent of the modern inventory, which in turn may have acted as a nutrient feedback limiting the spatiotemporal distribution of euxinic (sulphidic) bottom waters and perhaps the evolutionary and ecological expansion of eukaryotic organisms. By 551 Myr ago, molybdenum contents reflect a greatly expanded oceanic reservoir due to oxygenation of the deep ocean and corresponding decrease in sulphidic conditions in the sediments and water column.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Protein expression of major hepatic uptake and efflux drug transporters in human pediatric (n = 69) and adult (n = 41) livers was quantified by liquid chromatography / tandem mass spectroscopy ...(LC‐MS/MS). Transporter protein expression of OCT1, OATP1B3, P‐gp, and MRP3 was age‐dependent. Particularly, significant differences were observed in transporter expression (P < 0.05) between the following age groups: neonates vs. adults (OCT1, OATP1B3, P‐gp), neonates or infants vs. adolescents and/or adults (OCT1, OATP1B3, and P‐gp), infants vs. children (OATP1B3 and P‐gp), and adolescents vs. adults (MRP3). OCT1 showed the largest increase, of almost 5‐fold, in protein expression with age. Ontogenic expression of OATP1B1 was confounded by genotype and was revealed only in livers harboring SLCO1B1*1A/*1A. In livers >1 year, tissues harboring SLCO1B1*14/*1A showed 2.5‐fold higher (P < 0.05) protein expression than SLCO1B1*15/*1A. Integration of these ontogeny data in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models will be a crucial step in predicting hepatic drug disposition in children.
A microdose cocktail containing midazolam, dabigatran etexilate, pitavastatin, rosuvastatin, and atorvastatin has been established to allow simultaneous assessment of a perpetrator impact on the most ...common drug metabolizing enzyme, cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A, and the major transporters organic anion‐transporting polypeptides (OATP)1B, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and MDR1 P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp). The clinical utility of these microdose cocktail probe substrates was qualified by conducting clinical drug interaction studies with three inhibitors with different in vitro inhibitory profiles (rifampin, itraconazole, and clarithromycin). Generally, the pharmacokinetic profiles of the probe substrates, in the absence and presence of the inhibitors, were comparable to their reported corresponding pharmacological doses, and/or in agreement with theoretical expectations. The exception was dabigatran, which resulted in an approximately twofold higher magnitude for microdose compared to conventional dosing, and, thus, can be used to flag a worst‐case scenario for P‐gp. Broader application of the microdose cocktail will facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the roles of drug transporters in drug disposition and drug interactions.
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is often diagnosed at an advanced and incurable stage. Information on driver genes and prognosticators in ESCC remains incomplete. The objective was to ...elucidate significantly mutated genes (SMGs), mutational signatures, and prognosticators in ESCC.
Three MutSig algorithms (i.e. MutSigCV, MutSigCL and MutSigFN) and ‘20/20+’ ratio-metric were employed to identify SMGs. Nonnegative matrix factorization was used to decipher mutational signatures. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, multivariate Cox and logistic regression models were applied to analyze association between mutational features and clinical parameters.
We identified 26 SMGs, including 8 novel (NAV3, TENM3, PTCH1, TGFBR2, RIPK4, PBRM1, USP8 and BAP1) and 18 that have been previously reported. Three mutational signatures were identified to be prevalent in ESCC including clocklike C>T at CpG, APOBEC overactive C>T at TpCpA/T, and a signature featured by T>C substitution. The T>C mutational signature was significantly correlated with alcohol consumption (OR: 3.59; 95% CI: 2.30–5.67; P<0.001). This alcohol consumption signature was also observed in liver cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and its mutational activity was substantially higher in samples with mutations in TP53. Survival analysis revealed that TENM3 mutations (HR: 5.54; CI: 2.68–11.45; P<0.001) and TP53 hotspot mutation p.R213* (HR: 3.37; CI: 1.73–8.06; P<0.001) were significantly associated with shortened survival outcome. The association remained statistically significant after controlling for age, gender, TNM stage and tumor grade.
We have uncovered several new SMGs in ESCC and defined an alcohol consumption related mutational signature. TENM3 mutations and the TP53 hotspot mutation p.R213* are independent prognosticators for poor survival in ESCC.
NRLMSIS® 2.0 is an empirical atmospheric model that extends from the ground to the exobase and describes the average observed behavior of temperature, eight species densities, and mass density via a ...parametric analytic formulation. The model inputs are location, day of year, time of day, solar activity, and geomagnetic activity. NRLMSIS 2.0 is a major, reformulated upgrade of the previous version, NRLMSISE‐00. The model now couples thermospheric species densities to the entire column, via an effective mass profile that transitions each species from the fully mixed region below ~70 km altitude to the diffusively separated region above ~200 km. Other changes include the extension of atomic oxygen down to 50 km and the use of geopotential height as the internal vertical coordinate. We assimilated extensive new lower and middle atmosphere temperature, O, and H data, along with global average thermospheric mass density derived from satellite orbits, and we validated the model against independent samples of these data. In the mesosphere and below, residual biases and standard deviations are considerably lower than NRLMSISE‐00. The new model is warmer in the upper troposphere and cooler in the stratosphere and mesosphere. In the thermosphere, N2 and O densities are lower in NRLMSIS 2.0; otherwise, the NRLMSISE‐00 thermosphere is largely retained. Future advances in thermospheric specification will likely require new in situ mass spectrometer measurements, new techniques for species density measurement between 100 and 200 km, and the reconciliation of systematic biases among thermospheric temperature and composition data sets, including biases attributable to long‐term changes.
Key Points
A major, reformulated upgrade to NRLMSISE‐00 is presented using extensive new data sets from the ground to ~100 km altitude
Vertical structure of the atmosphere is now self‐consistently coupled; O density now extends down to 50 km
New model is warmer in upper troposphere, cooler in stratosphere and mesosphere; thermospheric N2 and O densities are lower
We simulate the radiation belt electron flux enhancements during selected Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) challenge events to quantitatively compare the major processes involved in relativistic ...electron acceleration under different conditions. Van Allen Probes observed significant electron flux enhancement during both the storm time of 17–18 March 2013 and non–storm time of 19–20 September 2013, but the distributions of plasma waves and energetic electrons for the two events were dramatically different. During 17–18 March 2013, the SYM‐H minimum reached −130 nT, intense chorus waves (peak Bw ~140 pT) occurred at 3.5 < L < 5.5, and several hundred keV to several MeV electron fluxes increased by ~2 orders of magnitude mostly at 3.5 < L < 5.5. During 19–20 September 2013, the SYM‐H remained higher than −30 nT, modestly intense chorus waves (peak Bw ~80 pT) occurred at L > 5.5, and electron fluxes at energies up to 3 MeV increased by a factor of ~5 at L > 5.5. The two electron flux enhancement events were simulated using the available wave distribution and diffusion coefficients from the GEM focus group Quantitative Assessment of Radiation Belt Modeling. By comparing the individual roles of local electron heating and radial transport, our simulation indicates that resonant interaction with chorus waves is the dominant process that accounts for the electron flux enhancement during the storm time event particularly near the flux peak locations, while radial diffusion by ultralow‐frequency waves plays a dominant role in the enhancement during the non–storm time event. Incorporation of both processes reasonably reproduces the observed location and magnitude of electron flux enhancement.
Key Points
Energetic electron fluxes are enhanced during storm and non–storm time events, but wave and electron structures are dramatically different
Local heating by whistler mode chorus wave is the major contributor to the flux enhancement near the peak during 17–18 March 2013
Radial diffusion by ultralow‐frequency wave is the major contributor to the observed flux enhancement during 19–20 September 2013
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