Pathogenic bacteria invade plant tissues and proliferate in the extracellular space. Plants have evolved the immune system to recognize and limit the growth of pathogens. Despite substantial progress ...in the study of plant immunity, the mechanism by which plants limit pathogen growth remains unclear. Here, we show that lignin accumulates in Arabidopsis leaves in response to incompatible interactions with bacterial pathogens in a manner dependent on Casparian strip membrane domain protein (CASP)‐like proteins (CASPLs). CASPs are known to be the organizers of the lignin‐based Casparian strip, which functions as a diffusion barrier in roots. The spread of invading avirulent pathogens is prevented by spatial restriction, which is disturbed by defects in lignin deposition. Moreover, the motility of pathogenic bacteria is negatively affected by lignin accumulation. These results suggest that the lignin‐deposited structure functions as a physical barrier similar to the Casparian strip, trapping pathogens and thereby terminating their growth.
Synopsis
Plants employ a multilayered immune system, but the exact mechanisms of how plants restrict pathogen growth remain unclear. In this study, the phenolic polymer and cell wall component lignin is shown to form a mechanical barrier against avirulent pathogens, thereby conferring disease resistance in plants.
Lignification is induced during incompatible plant‐pathogen interactions in Arabidopsis.
Lignin spatially restricts and encompasses bacteria in the extracellular space
Lignin deposition enhances disease resistance.
Casparian strip organizer proteins CASPL1D1 and CASPL4D1 are required for pathogen‐induced lignification.
Lignin deposition is required for innate immune defense during incompatible plant‐pathogen interactions in a manner dependent on Casparian strip organizer proteins.
Summary
Background
Tegoprazan is a novel potassium‐competitive acid blocker that has a fast onset of action and can control gastric pH for a prolonged period, which could offer clinical benefit in ...acid‐related disorders.
Aim
To confirm the non‐inferiority of tegoprazan to esomeprazole in patients with erosive oesophagitis (EE).
Methods
In this multicentre, randomised, double‐blind, parallel‐group comparison study, 302 Korean patients with endoscopically confirmed EE (Los Angeles Classification Grades A‐D) were randomly allocated to either tegoprazan (50 or 100 mg) or esomeprazole (40 mg) treatment groups for 4 or 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was the cumulative proportion of patients with healed EE confirmed by endoscopy up to 8 weeks from treatment initiation. Symptoms, safety and tolerability were also assessed.
Results
The cumulative healing rates at week 8 were 98.9% (91/92), 98.9% (90/91) and 98.9% (87/88) for tegoprazan 50 mg, tegoprazan 100 mg and esomeprazole 40 mg, respectively. Both doses of tegoprazan were non‐inferior to esomeprazole 40 mg. The incidence of adverse events was comparable among the groups, and tegoprazan was well‐tolerated.
Conclusion
Once daily administration of tegoprazan 50 or 100 mg showed non‐inferior efficacy in healing EE and tolerability to that of esomeprazole 40 mg.
Introduction
The eradication rates for Helicobacter pylori have decreased in Korea although the prevalence of this bacterium has also decreased. Antibiotic resistance is likely to be a crucial factor ...in H. pylori eradication success, and we therefore mapped these resistance patterns nationwide in Korea.
Materials and Methods
Five hundred and ninety adult subjects were prospectively enrolled from 2017 to 2018 from 15 centers across six geographic areas of Korea. A total of 580 biopsy tissues had been sampled from these patients during an upper endoscopy and were frozen at −80°C and delivered to a central laboratory. The agar dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin for each H. pylori isolate.
Results
The culture success rate was 60.2% (349/580). Resistance rates against clarithromycin, metronidazole, amoxicillin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were 17.8%, 29.5%, 9.5%, 0%, 37.0%, and 37.0%, respectively. The geographic distribution of metronidazole and quinolone resistance was highly variable. Some subjects had multiple H. pylori strains in the antrum and body of the stomach and showed a heterogeneous resistance profile between these anatomic areas. The H. pylori multidrug resistance (MDR) rate was 25.2% (88/349) among amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, tetracycline, and quinolone and 11.2% (39/349) among four of these major antibiotics except for quinolone. The Seoul and Chungcheong areas showed a relatively lower MDR rate.
Conclusion
The antibiotic resistance of H. pylori differs by drug and geographic area in Korea. Detailed nationwide antibiotic resistance mapping is needed to develop an effective H. pylori eradication strategy.
High‐quality N‐doped graphene quantum sheets are successfully fabricated from as‐grown monolayer graphene on Cu using nitrogen plasma, which can be transferred as a film‐like layer or easily ...dispersed in an organic solvent for further optoelectronic or photoelectrochemical applications.
To compare choroidal thickness between eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Observational, comparative case series.
Twenty-five eyes ...with PCV, 14 uninvolved fellow eyes with PCV, 30 eyes with exudative AMD, 17 eyes with early AMD, and 20 eyes of age-matched normal subjects.
Choroidal thickness was measured using enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Subfoveal choroidal thickness in each eye was analyzed by measurement of the vertical distance from the Bruch's membrane to the innermost scleral layer. Nasal, superior, temporal, and inferior choroidal thicknesses, 1500 μm apart from the foveal center, were also evaluated in all eyes.
Choroidal thickness in each group.
Mean (± standard deviation) subfoveal choroidal thickness in eyes with PCV and in their uninvolved fellow eyes was 438.3±87.8 μm and 372.9±112.0 μm, respectively, which was significantly greater than in eyes of age-matched normal subjects (224.8±52.9 μm) (P<0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Subfoveal choroidal thickness of eyes with exudative AMD (171.2±38.5 μm) and eyes with early AMD (177.4±49.7 μm) was thinner than that of age-matched normal subjects (P = 0.004 and P = 0.078, respectively). Choroidal thickness at each of the other 4 points showed a similar tendency.
This study demonstrates thickening of choroid in the eyes with PCV, in contrast with choroidal thinning observed in eyes with AMD. These findings suggest involvement of different pathogenic mechanisms in PCV from those in exudative AMD.
c‐myc and p53 networks control proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis and are responsive to, and cross‐regulate a variety of stresses and metabolic and biosynthetic processes. At c‐myc, the ...far upstream element binding protein (FBP) and FBP‐interacting repressor (FIR) program transcription by looping to RNA polymerase II complexes engaged at the promoter. Another FBP partner, JTV1/AIMP2, a structural subunit of a multi‐aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetase (ARS) complex, has also been reported to stabilize p53 via an apparently independent mechanism. Here, we show that in response to oxidative stress, JTV1 dissociates from the ARS complex, translocates to the nucleus, associates with FBP and co‐activates the transcription of a new FBP target, ubiquitin‐specific peptidase 29 (USP29). A previously uncharacterized deubiquitinating enzyme, USP29 binds to, cleaves poly‐ubiquitin chains from, and stabilizes p53. The accumulated p53 quickly induces apoptosis. Thus, FBP and JTV1 help to coordinate the molecular and cellular response to oxidative stress.
USP29 joins the family of deubiquitinating enzymes involved in the stabilization of p53. Furthermore, p53 regulation is in this case linked to the c‐Myc pathway, whose constituents JTV1 and FBP control USP29 expression upon oxidative stress.
Obesity increases the risks of diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, ultimately contributing to mortality. Korean Society for the Study of Obesity (KSSO) was established to improve the ...management of obesity through research and education; to that end, the Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines of KSSO reviews systemic evidence using expert panels to develop clinical guidelines. The clinical practice guidelines for obesity were revised in 2018 using National Health Insurance Service Health checkup data from 2006 to 2015. Following these guidelines, we added a category, class III obesity, which includes individuals with body mass index (BMI) ≥35 kg/m
. Agreeing with the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, Asian Pacific Chapter consensus, we determined that bariatric surgery is indicated for Korean patients with BMI ≥35 kg/m
and for Korean patients with BMI ≥30 kg/m
who have comorbidities. The new guidelines focus on guiding clinicians and patients to manage obesity more effectively. Our recommendations and treatment algorithms can serve as a guide for the evaluation, prevention, and management of overweight and obesity.
Glucose limitation is a major stress condition that cells must respond to by altering their metabolism to ensure survival. Rsv1 is a zinc finger protein previously shown to be required for survival ...during stationary phase. In this study, we present a novel mechanism regulated by Rsv1 in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe that is involved in altering glucose metabolic flux. We found that rsv1 gene expression is induced by Rst2 and Atf1, two transcription factors regulated by the cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) pathway and the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, respectively. The downstream target genes of Rsv1 were identified by genome‐wide ChIP sequencing of Rsv1‐bound DNA sites and RNA sequencing analysis of Rsv1‐dependent transcripts that were differentially expressed under glucose starvation. Rsv1 directly regulated the expression of at least 21 genes that mostly encode transporters and proteins related to sugar metabolism. Among these, gcd1, which encodes glucose dehydrogenase in the gluconate shunt for the pentose phosphate pathway, was most remarkably repressed by Rsv1. The defect in survival of Δrsv1 mutant under glucose starvation condition was mitigated by additional deletion of a gcd1, idn1, or a gene for a putative lactonase (SPCC16c4.10), suggesting the critical importance of downregulating the gluconate shunt and pentose phosphate pathway for long‐term survival. These results show an intricate response to glucose starvation: increasing the synthesis of a transcription factor via two signal transduction pathways, which sheds light on the importance of remodeling a metabolic circuit to secure glucose for cell survival.
With glucose as major carbon source for most organisms, the control of intracellular sugar levels is central for cell survival. Woo‐Hyun Chung, Jung‐Hye Roe and colleagues investigated transcriptional regulation of Rsv1, a pivotal factor for viability in S.pombe under nutrient starvation conditions. They found regulation of Rsv1 by both the MAPK and cAMP/PKA pathway cascades. By performing genome‐wide sequencing for Rsv1 target genes, they revealed 21 target genes. Rsv1 binding under glucose starvation represses a glucose dehydrogenase in the gluconate shunt for the pentose phosphate pathway. Together, the authors reveal the importance of controlling metabolic glucose pathways for cell survival.
The purpose of the present study was to examine whether Baumeister’s escape from self theory may account for the pathological use of Internet games among Korean adolescents. A sample of 1,136 junior ...high school students completed measures assessing Internet game addiction (IGA), real-ideal self discrepancy, escape from self, current mood, peer relationships, perceived parent-child relationship, and parental supervision. IGA was significantly correlated with all of these variables. Multiple regression analysis showed that escape from self best explained the adolescents’ IGA. A path model yielded significant paths from self-discrepancy to negative mood, from negative mood to escape from self, and from escape from self to IGA. These results support the validity of using the escape from self theory to explain the adolescents’ IGA, thereby suggesting that adolescents become addicted to Internet games in an attempt to escape from self and reality.
Using data from the real world to solve clinical questions that cannot be answered using data from clinical trials is attracting more attention. Clinical outcomes for patients with esophageal cancer ...in a real-world setting might be different from data in randomized controlled trials. This study aimed to provide real world data on treatment and prognosis in Korean patients with esophageal cancer. This retrospective cancer cohort included newly diagnosed cases of esophageal cancer at 19 tertiary hospitals between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2017. Cancer staging was defined according to the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer criteria. We identified 6,354 patients with newly diagnosed esophageal cancer (mean age: 64.9 ± 9.0 years, 96.9% squamous cell carcinoma). The proportion of early esophageal cancer increased from 24.7% in 2005 to 37.2% in 2015 (p<0.001). Among all cases, surgery alone was 31.3%, followed by definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) (27.0%), neoadjuvant therapy (12.4%), adjuvant therapy (11.1%), and endoscopic resection (5.8%). The 5-year overall survival rate was 45.7 ± 0.7%. Endoscopic resection provided similar median survival relative to surgery for stage Ia cases. Among stage II-III cases, definitive CCRT was associated with poorer survival than neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy, although there was no survival difference between neo-adjuvant and adjuvant therapy. Early esophageal cancer is gradually becoming more common and endoscopic resection provided similar long-term survival relative to surgery. Surgery with combined therapy provided better survival in locally advanced esophageal cancer, relative to definitive CCRT.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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