The paper considers the export problem of the agro-industrial products of Russia. The research relevance lies in the competition conditions in the world food markets. The paper aims to study the ...impact of the development of exports of agricultural products on the stability of the Russian economy.
Considering the strengthening of the position of agricultural products export in the structure of Russian exports, the paper aims to assess the problems and identify new opportunities for the development of agricultural products exports based on an analysis of its dynamics and structure.
The authors applied the methods of economic-statistical analysis to identify patterns in the dynamics and structure of exports of agricultural products. During the research, the dynamics and structure of agricultural exports were analyzed. The authors also calculated the average export price for the enlarged product groups. They concluded that (1) the share of agricultural exports in the structure of Russian exports is growing and (2) that there is a need to increase its efficiency through government support measures. New opportunities for the export of agricultural products in the world market arise with (1) an increase of the competitiveness of products, (2) the development of new sales markets, (3) a stable position of exporters, (4) the efficient production of agricultural products by national producers.
Currently, it is possible only if state support for export activities is combined with the initiatives of the agriculture entrepreneurs. The paper will be useful for regional and federal governments, the scientific community, and anyone interested in Russian export issues.
Aim. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships of HIV isolates obtained from a child 8 years old and HIV-positive parents to search for a possible source of infection.Materials and methods. The ...blood plasma samples of 3 patients (father, mother and child) HIV from Veliky Novgorod were used. Presented in a group of patients were directed to conduct epidemiological investigation cases of HIV-1 infection a child from a dysfunctional family. In the present study we used genotyping by direct sequencing of the site of the polymerase gene (pol) length of 1285 nt., The gene encoding the protease (PR) length of 465 nt. and a portion of the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene length of 820 nt.Results. The study allowed the identification of the HIV virus in clinical samples. HIV-1 subtype A1 (IDU-A) was detected in all cases. Phylogenetic analysis of isolates, where the control samples using HIV-1 isolates obtained previously from Veliky Novgorod, possible to identify grouped in a separate cluster sample from the mother, father and child, which makes it possible to conclude about intrafamily HIV infected child by one of his parents. The nucleotide identity of the samples obtained from the mother and the child, showed a higher percentage of similarity – 98.4%, compared with the identity of the samples between the father and the mother and between father and child (96.2% and 94.2%, respectively). Differences natural polymorphisms in protease and reverse transcriptase genes of the parents and the child are discussed. Conclusion. The analysis of phylogenetic relationships of HIV isolates showed that the source of infection of the child 8 years old, born and living in socially disadvantaged families with HIV-positive parents, is his mother. Way parenteral transmission of infection by random simultaneous trauma in the mother and child.Molecular phylogenetic analysis using routine methods for determining the resistance of HIV to antiretroviral drugs allows to investigate cases of HIV infection, identifying the source of infection.
Background
. In the pathogenesis of ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICMP), angiopoiesis remains unexplored.
The aim
. To describe the vasculature of the heart and the imbalance of angiogenesis mediators in ...the coronary circulation in association with the number of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) and desquamated endothelial cells (DEC) in the blood of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), suffering and not suffering from ICMP.
Methods
. Fifty-two patients with CHD (30 patients with ICMP, 22 patients without ICMP), 15 healthy donors were examined. The content of EPC (CD14
+
CD34
+
VEGFR2
+
) in the blood from the cubital vein and DEC (CD45
–
CD146
+
) in the blood from the coronary sinus and the cubital vein was determined by flow cytometry. The concentrations of VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A), PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor), and SDF-1 (stromal cell-derived factor 1) in blood plasma were recorded using immunofluorescence assay; the angiopoietin-2, MMP-9 (matrix metallopeptidase 9) were recorded using enzyme immunoassay. In myocardial biopsies the specific area of vessels and the expression of αSMA (smooth muscle alpha-actin) were determined by morphometric and immunohistochemical methods.
Results
. In the peripheral blood of patients with CHD, regardless of the presence of ICMP, the DEC content exceeded the physiological level, and the VEGF-A, PDGF, angiopoietin-2, and MMP-9 corresponded to the norm. In CHD patients without cardiomyopathy, there was an excess of SDF-1 and EPC in the blood from the cubital vein, and in ICMP, their physiological significance was noted. In the coronary blood flow in patients with CHD without cardiomyopathy, an increase in the concentration of PDGF was found, which was not determined in patients with ICMP, who had an increased content of DEC, angiopoietin-2 and MMP-9. The specific area of the vessels in the patients of the two groups was comparable; the expression of αSMA in ICMP was 6.2 times lower than in patients with CHD without cardiomyopathy.
Conclusion
. The development of ICMP is accompanied by impaired maturation of vessels in the myocardium, associated with the absence of a compensatory reaction of activation of cellular and humoral factors of angiogenesis.
The aim of this study was to identify features of the expression of pro-inflammatory and co-stimulatory molecules on the surface of macrophages in vitro in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, ...depending on the clinical form of the disease and sensitivity of the pathogen to anti-TB drugs.Materials and methods. 40 patients (36 men and 4 women) with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) were examined: 18 patients (16 men and 2 women, average age (44.56 ± 8.10) years) with disseminated tuberculosis (DTB) and 22 patients (20 men and 2 women, average age (46.54 ± 5.24) years) with infiltrative tuberculosis (ITB). Of those, 30 patients secreted Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) sensitive to the basic anti-TB drugs (ATBD), and 10 patients secreted MBT resistant to first-line anti-TB drugs. Venous blood was the study material. To isolate monocytes from the whole blood in order to transform them into macrophages, ficoll density gradient centrifugation with gradient density of 1.077 g/cm3 was used followed by immunomagnetic separation of CD14+ cells. Monocytes were cultured in a complete culture medium X-VIVO 10 with gentamicin and phenol red with the addition of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) (5 ng/ml) at a concentration of 1×106 cells/ml with the following stimulators: interleukin (IL) 4 (10 ng/ml) and interferon (IFN) γ (100 ng/ml). Immunophenotyping of macrophages was performed using monoclonal antibodies to CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR on a Beckman Coulter CytoFLEX LX flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter, USA). The analysis of the obtained data was carried out using the CytExpert 2.0 software application. The results were analyzed using statistical methods.Results. The number of intact and cytokine-stimulated (IL-4 and IFNγ) CD80-positive macrophages in patients with ITB and drug-resistant TB (DR TB) exceeded their number not only in healthy donors, but also in patients with DTB and drug-sensitive TB (DS TB), respectively. In addition, an increase in CD86 expression on the surface of macrophages was registered in patients with ITB and DR TB after adding IFNγ (M1-activation inducer) to the suspension culture. In contrast, in patients with DTB and DS TB, the number of macrophages with expression of B7 family co-stimulating molecules decreased or remained within the normal values in the absence of a reaction to cytokines during cytokine induction. Deficiency of HLA-DR-positive macrophages was found in all TB patients. The minimal number of macrophages expressing HLA-DR was found in patients with DTB and DS TB after cell incubation with IL-4 (M2-activation inducer).Conclusion. Evaluation of the expression of B7 (CD80/86) and HLA-DR membrane molecules on macrophages in TB patients allows to conclude that anti-TB immune response is impaired at stages of antigen presentation (in all examined patients with TB) and co-stimulation (in DTB and DS TB). An increase in the expression of macrophage surface molecules CD80 (with M1- and M2-stimulation) and CD86 (with M1-stimulation) in patients with ITB and DR TB indicates an increase in cell reactivity in these forms of TB. In addition, deficit of expression of HLA-DR (a key marker of pro-inflammatory cell activation) on the surface of macrophages in TB can be considered as a general (independent of the clinical form of the disease and drug sensitivity of the pathogen) pathogenetic factor of immune imbalance in pulmonary tuberculosis.
The aim
of the study was to evaluate the expression of scavenger receptors (CD163, CD204, CD206) on macrophages in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, depending on the clinical form of the disease ...and sensitivity of the pathogen to anti-tuberculosis drugs.
Materials and methods.
64 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) were examined: 26 patients with disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis (DTB) and 38 patients with infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis (ITB). Of these, 42 patients secreted
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(MBT) sensitive to basic antituberculosis drugs (ATBD), and 22 patients secreted MBT resistant to first-line anti-TB drugs. Material for the study was venous blood. To isolate monocytes from the whole blood in order to transform them into macrophages, Ficoll density gradient centrifugation with a density of 1.077 g / cm
3
was used followed by immunomagnetic separation of CD14+ cells. Monocytes were cultured in the X-VIVO 10 medium with gentamicin and phenol red with the addition of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) (5 ng / ml) at a concentration of 1×10
6
cells / ml with stimulators: interleukin (IL)-4 (10 ng / ml) and interferon (IFN) γ (100 ng / ml). Immunophenotyping of macrophages was performed using monoclonal antibodies to CD163, CD204, and CD206 on the Beckman Coulter CytoFLEX LX Flow Cytometer. The analysis of the obtained data was carried out using the CytExpert 2.0 software. The results were analyzed using statistical methods.
Results.
Switching the phenotype of macrophages from the M1-like proinflammatory phenotype to M2-like antiinflammatory one contributes to the chronic course of pulmonary TB, dissemination, and persistence of infection. In the present study, we analyzed the features of the expression of CD163, CD204, and CD206 scavenger receptors on macrophages in patients with pulmonary TB. An increase in the number of macrophages carrying markers of the M2 subpopulation (CD163, CD204, and CD206) on their surface was noted, regardless of the clinical form of pulmonary TB and drug resistance of
M. tuberculosis
.
Conclusion.
Studying the mechanisms underlying M1 or M2 activation of macrophages is necessary for a deeper understanding of the immunopathogenesis of TB and the role of innate immunity cells in protecting the body from mycobacteria. The analysis of the expression of scavenger receptors CD163, CD204, and CD206 on macrophages allowed to conclude that, in pulmonary TB, especially in patients with drug resistant
M. tuberculosis
and infiltrative TB, regulatory mechanisms that suppress the activation of innate immunity are implemented together with polarization of macrophage differentiation towards the M2 phenotype. It may be the cause of immune deficiency induced by the pathogen.
We examined expression pattern of CD80 and HLA-DR pro-inflammatory molecules on the monocytes in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), depending on the clinical form of the disease and ...susceptibility of the pathogen to anti-tuberculosis drugs. The study involved forty-five patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary TB (25 men and 20 women aged 18 to 55 years, average age — 44.0±12.4 years). The control group included 15 healthy donors with similar socio-demographic characteristics as in TB patients. Venous blood was used as biomaterial for assays. Studies of the monocyte immunophenotype were carried out by flow cytometry of whole blood cells using Cytoflex flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter, USA) with specific monoclonal antibodies (eBioscience, USA). We determined the content of cells expressing surface markers of monocytes, i.e., CD14, CD45, CD80, and HLA-DR. The results of this study were evaluated using SPSS Statistics 17.0 standard software package and Microsoft Excel. In the course of the study, we have suggested a working hypothesis that the monocytes in TB patients, still being in circulation, can express activation markers during their migration to inflammation focus, especially CD80 and HLA-DR molecules. Analysis of the total CD14
+
monocyte number showed its decrease in all forms and variants of clinical course of pulmonary tuberculosis compared with the control group. Assessment of pro-inflammatory markers expressed on CD14 positive monocytes, i.e., HLA-DR activation marker and CD80 co-stimulatory molecule, showed that the number of monocytes with HLA-DR expression in all TB patients was higher than in healthy donors. HLA- DR expression on CD14
+
monocytes in the group of patients with infiltrative TB proved to be 15% higher than in patients with disseminated TB. The expression of CD80 on CD14
+
monocytes in TB patients showed no differences between the groups and varied within the normal range. Hence, an imbalance within monocyte population in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, regardless of its clinical form and drug sensitivity of the pathogen is developed, due to decrease in total number of CD14
+
cells, along with increased relative number of monocytes expressing HLA-DR activation marker (pro-inflammatory phenotype). Meanwhile, expression of the CD80 co-stimulatory molecule on monocytes was within normal values.
Increased content of CD4
+
CD161
+
IL-17A
+
Th17 lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was found in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis irrespective of the clinical form (infiltrative, disseminated) ...and variant of the disease (drug-sensitive, drug-resistant). The elevated content of Th17 cells in pulmonary tuberculosis is associated with hypersecretion of Th17-associated cytokines IL-17A and IL-22
in vitro
that was most pronounced (in case of IL-17A) in patients with disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis.
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