The growth and progression of solid tumors involves dynamic cross-talk between cancer epithelium and the surrounding microenvironment. To date, molecular profiling has largely been restricted to the ...epithelial component of tumors; therefore, features underpinning the persistent protumorigenic phenotype of the tumor microenvironment are unknown. Using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, we show for the first time that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) from localized prostate cancer display remarkably distinct and enduring genome-wide changes in DNA methylation, significantly at enhancers and promoters, compared to nonmalignant prostate fibroblasts (NPFs). Differentially methylated regions associated with changes in gene expression have cancer-related functions and accurately distinguish CAFs from NPFs. Remarkably, a subset of changes is shared with prostate cancer epithelial cells, revealing the new concept of tumor-specific epigenome modifications in the tumor and its microenvironment. The distinct methylome of CAFs provides a novel epigenetic hallmark of the cancer microenvironment and promises new biomarkers to improve interpretation of diagnostic samples.
Purpose The Cancer Esophagus Gefitinib trial demonstrated improved progression-free survival with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib relative to placebo ...in patients with advanced esophageal cancer who had disease progression after chemotherapy. Rapid and durable responses were observed in a minority of patients. We hypothesized that genetic aberration of the EGFR pathway would identify patients benefitting from gefitinib. Methods A prespecified, blinded molecular analysis of Cancer Esophagus Gefitinib trial tumors was conducted to compare efficacy of gefitinib with that of placebo according to EGFR copy number gain (CNG) and EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutation status. EGFR CNG was determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using prespecified criteria and EGFR FISH-positive status was defined as high polysomy or amplification. Results Biomarker data were available for 340 patients. In EGFR FISH-positive tumors (20.2%), overall survival was improved with gefitinib compared with placebo (hazard ratio HR for death, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.35 to 1.00; P = .05). In EGFR FISH-negative tumors, there was no difference in overall survival with gefitinib compared with placebo (HR for death, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.69 to 1.18; P = .46). Patients with EGFR amplification (7.2%) gained greatest benefit from gefitinib (HR for death, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.64; P = .006). There was no difference in overall survival for gefitinib versus placebo for patients with EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations, or for any mutation versus none. Conclusion EGFR CNG assessed by FISH appears to identify a subgroup of patients with esophageal cancer who may benefit from gefitinib as a second-line treatment. Results of this study suggest that anti-EGFR therapies should be investigated in prospective clinical trials in different settings in EGFR FISH-positive and, in particular, EGFR-amplified esophageal cancer.
Sleep is critical for proper memory consolidation. The locus coeruleus (LC) releases norepinephrine throughout the brain except when the LC falls silent throughout rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and ...prior to each non-REM (NREM) sleep spindle. We hypothesize that these transient LC silences allow the synaptic plasticity that is necessary to incorporate new information into pre-existing memory circuits. We found that spontaneous LC activity within sleep spindles triggers a decrease in spindle power. By optogenetically stimulating norepinephrine-containing LC neurons at 2 Hz during sleep, we reduced sleep spindle occurrence, as well as NREM delta power and REM theta power, without causing arousals or changing sleep amounts. Stimulating the LC during sleep following a hippocampus-dependent food location learning task interfered with consolidation of newly learned locations and reconsolidation of previous locations, disrupting next-day place cell activity. The LC stimulation-induced reduction in NREM sleep spindles, delta, and REM theta and reduced ripple-spindle coupling all correlated with decreased hippocampus-dependent performance on the task. Thus, periods of LC silence during sleep following learning are essential for normal spindle generation, delta and theta power, and consolidation of spatial memories.
•Locus coeruleus (LC) spikes coincide with the waning phase of sleep spindles•LC activity during sleep interferes with NREM delta, sleep spindles, and REM theta•Sleep with abnormal LC activity hampers next day CA1 spatial mapping•Normal LC silences during sleep are necessary for proper memory consolidation
Swift et al. show that overactivity of the locus coeruleus, the main source of norepinephrine to the forebrain, during sleep interferes with signatures of NREM sleep and REM sleep associated with sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Maladaptive LC activity can impair next day hippocampal spatial encoding, producing long-term behavioral deficits.
How genetic and epigenetic events synergize to generate the oncogenic state is not well understood. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Vaz et al. provide compelling evidence that exposure to chronic ...cigarette smoke causes progressive epigenetic alterations that prime for key genetic events to drive the development of lung cancer.
How genetic and epigenetic events synergize to generate the oncogenic state is not well understood. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Vaz et al. provide compelling evidence that exposure to chronic cigarette smoke causes progressive epigenetic alterations that prime for key genetic events to drive the development of lung cancer.
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNAs commonly deregulated in cancer. The miR‐200 family (miR‐200a, ‐200b, ‐200c, ‐141 and ‐429) and miR‐205 are frequently silenced in advanced cancer and have ...been implicated in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor invasion by targeting the transcriptional repressors of E‐cadherin, ZEB1 and ZEB2. ZEB1 is also known to repress miR‐200c‐141 transcription in a negative feedback loop, but otherwise little is known about the transcriptional regulation of the miR‐200 family and miR‐205. Recently, miR‐200 silencing was also reported in cancer stem cells, implying that miR‐200 deregulation is a key event in multiple levels of tumor biology. However, what prevents miR‐200 expression remains largely unanswered. Here we report concerted transcriptional regulation of the miR‐200 and miR‐205 loci in bladder tumors and bladder cell lines. Using a combination of miRNA expression arrays, qPCR assays and mass spectrometry DNA methylation analyses, we show that the miR‐200 and miR‐205 loci are specifically silenced and gain promoter hypermethylation and repressive chromatin marks in muscle invasive bladder tumors and undifferentiated bladder cell lines. Moreover, we report that miR‐200c expression is significantly correlated with early stage T1 bladder tumor progression, and propose miR‐200 and miR‐205 silencing and DNA hypermethylation as possible prognostic markers in bladder cancer. In addition, we observe that the mesoderm transcription factor TWIST1 and miR‐200 expression are inversely correlated in bladder tumor samples and cell lines. TWIST1 associates directly with the miR‐200 and miR‐205 promoters, and may act as a repressor of miR‐200 and miR‐205 expression.
Abstract CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is an insulator protein that binds to a highly conserved DNA motif and facilitates regulation of three-dimensional (3D) nuclear architecture and transcription. ...CTCF binding sites (CTCF-BSs) reside in non-coding DNA and are frequently mutated in cancer. Our previous study identified a small subclass of CTCF-BSs that are resistant to CTCF knock down, termed persistent CTCF binding sites (P-CTCF-BSs). P-CTCF-BSs show high binding conservation and potentially regulate cell-type constitutive 3D chromatin architecture. Here, using ICGC sequencing data we made the striking observation that P-CTCF-BSs display a highly elevated mutation rate in breast and prostate cancer when compared to all CTCF-BSs. To address whether P-CTCF-BS mutations are also enriched in other cell-types, we developed CTCF-INSITE—a tool utilising machine learning to predict persistence based on genetic and epigenetic features of experimentally-determined P-CTCF-BSs. Notably, predicted P-CTCF-BSs also show a significantly elevated mutational burden in all 12 cancer-types tested. Enrichment was even stronger for P-CTCF-BS mutations with predicted functional impact to CTCF binding and chromatin looping. Using in vitro binding assays we validated that P-CTCF-BS cancer mutations, predicted to be disruptive, indeed reduced CTCF binding. Together this study reveals a new subclass of cancer specific CTCF-BS DNA mutations and provides insights into their importance in genome organization in a pan-cancer setting.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ∼22 nt non‐coding RNAs that typically bind to the 3′ UTR of target mRNAs in the cytoplasm, resulting in mRNA destabilization and translational repression. Here, we report that ...miRNAs can also regulate gene expression by targeting non‐coding antisense transcripts in human cells. Specifically, we show that miR‐671 directs cleavage of a circular antisense transcript of the Cerebellar Degeneration‐Related protein 1 (CDR1) locus in an Ago2‐slicer‐dependent manner. The resulting downregulation of circular antisense has a concomitant decrease in CDR1 mRNA levels, independently of heterochromatin formation. This study provides the first evidence for non‐coding antisense transcripts as functional miRNA targets, and a novel regulatory mechanism involving a positive correlation between mRNA and antisense circular RNA levels.
Natural antisense transcripts appear to have widespread roles in gene regulation. This study provides the first example of miRNA targeting of an antisense transcript. Nuclear miR‐671 targets and cleaves a circular antisense transcript expressed from the CDR1 locus, reducing CDR1 mRNA levels.
The complex relationship between DNA methylation, chromatin modification, and underlying DNA sequence is often difficult to unravel with existing technologies. Here, we describe a novel technique ...based on high-throughput sequencing of bisulfite-treated chromatin immunoprecipitated DNA (BisChIP-seq), which can directly interrogate genetic and epigenetic processes that occur in normal and diseased cells. Unlike most previous reports based on correlative techniques, we found using direct bisulfite sequencing of Polycomb H3K27me3-enriched DNA from normal and prostate cancer cells that DNA methylation and H3K27me3-marked histones are not always mutually exclusive, but can co-occur in a genomic region-dependent manner. Notably, in cancer, the co-dependency of marks is largely redistributed with an increase of the dual repressive marks at CpG islands and transcription start sites of silent genes. In contrast, there is a loss of DNA methylation in intergenic H3K27me3-marked regions. Allele-specific methylation status derived from the BisChIP-seq data clearly showed that both methylated and unmethylated alleles can simultaneously be associated with H3K27me3 histones, highlighting that DNA methylation status in these regions is not dependent on Polycomb chromatin status. BisChIP-seq is a novel approach that can be widely applied to directly interrogate the genomic relationship between allele-specific DNA methylation, histone modification, or other important epigenetic regulators.
Epigenomics of mammary gland development Holliday, Holly; Baker, Laura A; Junankar, Simon R ...
Breast cancer research,
09/2018, Letnik:
20, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Differentiation of stem cells into highly specialised cells requires gene expression changes brought about by remodelling of the chromatin architecture. During this lineage-commitment process, the ...majority of DNA needs to be packaged into inactive heterochromatin, allowing only a subset of regulatory elements to remain open and functionally required genes to be expressed. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, post-translational modifications to histone tails, and nucleosome positioning all potentially contribute to the changes in higher order chromatin structure during differentiation. The mammary gland is a particularly useful model to study these complex epigenetic processes since the majority of its development is postnatal, the gland is easily accessible, and development occurs in a highly reproducible manner. Inappropriate epigenetic remodelling can also drive tumourigenesis; thus, insights into epigenetic remodelling during mammary gland development advance our understanding of breast cancer aetiology. We review the current literature surrounding DNA methylation and histone modifications in the developing mammary gland and its implications for breast cancer.
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