A rigid organic ligand, formed through the subcomponent self-assembly of p-toluidine and 6,6′-diformyl-3,3′-bipyridine, was employed in a systematic investigation into the synergistic and competing ...effects of metal and anion templation. A range of discrete and polymeric metal-organic complexes were formed, many of which represent structure types that have not previously been observed and whose formation would not be predicted on taking into account solely geometric considerations. These complex structures, capable of binding multiple guests within individual binding pockets, were characterized by NMR, ESI-MS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The factors that stabilize individual complexes and lead to the formation of one over another are discussed.
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Arenaviridae Radoshitzky, Sheli R; Buchmeier, Michael J; Charrel, Rémi N ...
Journal of general virology,
08/2019, Letnik:
100, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Members of the family Arenaviridae produce enveloped virions containing genomes consisting of two or three single-stranded RNA segments totalling about 10.5 kb. Arenaviruses can infect mammals, ...including humans and other primates, snakes, and fish. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Arenaviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/arenaviridae.
Different anionic templates act to give rise to four distinct CdII-based architectures: a Cd2L3 helicate, a Cd8L12 distorted cuboid, a Cd10L15 pentagonal prism, and a Cd12L18 hexagonal prism, which ...respond to both anionic and cationic components. Interconversions between architectures are driven by the addition of anions that bind more strongly within a given product framework. The addition of FeII prompted metal exchange and transformation to a Fe4L6 tetrahedron or a Fe10L15 pentagonal prism, depending on the anionic templates present. The equilibrium between the Cd12L18 prism and the Cd2L3 triple helicate displayed concentration dependence, with higher concentrations favoring the prism. The Cd12L18 structure serves as an intermediate en route to a hexafluoroarsenate-templated Cd10L15 complex, whereby the structural features of the hexagonal prism preorganize the system to form the structurally related pentagonal prism. In addition to the interconversion pathways investigated, we also report the single-crystal X-ray structure of bifluoride encapsulated within a Cd10L15 complex and report solution state data for J-coupling through a CH···F– hydrogen bond indicating the strength of these interactions in solution.
Until recently, members of the monogeneric family Arenaviridae (arenaviruses) have been known to infect only muroid rodents and, in one case, possibly phyllostomid bats. The paradigm of arenaviruses ...exclusively infecting small mammals shifted dramatically when several groups independently published the detection and isolation of a divergent group of arenaviruses in captive alethinophidian snakes. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses suggest that these reptilian arenaviruses constitute a sister clade to mammalian arenaviruses. Here, the members of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Arenaviridae Study Group, together with other experts, outline the taxonomic reorganization of the family Arenaviridae to accommodate reptilian arenaviruses and other recently discovered mammalian arenaviruses and to improve compliance with the Rules of the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN). PAirwise Sequence Comparison (PASC) of arenavirus genomes and NP amino acid pairwise distances support the modification of the present classification. As a result, the current genus Arenavirus is replaced by two genera, Mammarenavirus and Reptarenavirus, which are established to accommodate mammalian and reptilian arenaviruses, respectively, in the same family. The current species landscape among mammalian arenaviruses is upheld, with two new species added for Lunk and Merino Walk viruses and minor corrections to the spelling of some names. The published snake arenaviruses are distributed among three new separate reptarenavirus species. Finally, a non-Latinized binomial species name scheme is adopted for all arenavirus species. In addition, the current virus abbreviations have been evaluated, and some changes are introduced to unequivocally identify each virus in electronic databases, manuscripts, and oral proceedings.
To evaluate the platelet capture rate of whole blood fibrin clots and the expression, secretion, and retention of the growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth ...factor (PDGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) from fibrin clots and to determine how these levels may be modulated by allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs).
Whole blood from 10 human volunteers was transferred to a clotting device and the platelet capture rate determined. Two experimental conditions and 1 control were evaluated over 2 weeks in vitro. Clots made from human whole blood without ASCs, clot(−)ASC, were compared with clots with ASCs incorporated, clot(+)ASC, and a control group of synthetic polyethylene glycol gels with ASCs incorporated, control(+)ASCs. All conditions were examined for secretion and retention of VEGF, PDGF, and bFGF via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. The analysis of platelet retention for clots made with this device was performed.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis showed significantly higher (P < .001) secretion of VEGF in clot(+)ASC compared with clot(−)ASC or control(+)ASC. In contrast, clot(−)ASC produced soluble PDGF, and the addition of ASCs results in decreased soluble PDGF with concomitant increases in PDGF immunoreactivity of ASCs. Soluble bFGF levels were low in clot(−)ASC, and were found to increase at early time points in clot(+)ASC. Furthermore, bFGF immunoreactivity could be detected in clot(+)ASC, whereas no bFGF immunoreactivity is present in clot(−)ASC or control(+)ASC. Control(+)ASC displayed a spike in bFGF secretion at day 0, which may be due to a stress response elicited by the encapsulation process. Approximately 98% of available platelets in whole blood were concentrated in the clot on formation.
Fibrin clots made by this method retain high concentrations of platelets, and when incorporated with ASCs show modulated secretion and immunoreactivity of VEGF, PDGF, and bFGF.
Whole blood fibrin clots capture platelets and release growth factors, and the addition of ASCs increases VEGF release for up to 2 weeks after clot formation. This suggests that whole blood fibrin clots may be a viable scaffold and delivery vehicle for future stem cell treatments.
In February 2019, following the annual taxon ratification vote, the order
Bunyavirales
was amended by creation of two new families, four new subfamilies, 11 new genera and 77 new species, merging of ...two species, and deletion of one species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order
Bunyavirales
now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
AR Fooks, D Jeevarajah, J Lee, A Warnes, S Niewiesk, V ter Meulen, JR Stephenson and JC Clegg
Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. anthony.fooks@camr.org.uk
The ...genes encoding the measles virus (MV) haemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F)
proteins were placed under the control of the human cytomegalovirus
immediate early promoter in a replication-deficient adenovirus vector.
Immunofluorescence and radioimmune precipitation demonstrated the synthesis
of each protein and biological activity was confirmed by the detection of
haemadsorption and fusion activities in infected cells. Oral as well as
parenteral administration of the H-expressing recombinant adenovirus
elicited a significant protective response in mice challenged with MV.
While the F-expressing adenovirus failed to protect mice, cotton rats
immunized with either the H- or F-expressing recombinant showed reduced MV
replication in the lungs. Antibodies elicited in mice following
immunization with either recombinant had no in vitro neutralizing activity,
suggesting a protective mechanism involving a cell-mediated immune
response. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using oral
administration of adenovirus recombinants to induce protective responses to
heterologous proteins.
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