Abstract The emotional experiences of incarceration are directly tied to state‐sanctioned gendered violence. Most incarcerated women have a history of trauma, stemming directly from broader ...socio‐political and economic forces, which is further rendered throughout the incarceration and reentry process. The carceral system in the United States disrupts family and social support systems, fails to provide accessible and adequate mental health and substance use services, and denies stabilization resources such as housing, employment, and citizenry for women once released from prison, yet their emotional experiences are largely absent in analyses of this gendered violence. Drawing from a larger intimate ethnography project with a woman, LaTasha, recently released from a 25‐year to life prison sentence, this article examines how women negotiate and express emotions within the context of prison reentry contributing to feminist anthropological scholarship on state‐sanctioned gender violence. Through an in‐depth analysis of the challenges LaTasha faces in rebuilding relationships with family, navigating a system in which she has been outcasted, and asserting herself after being systematically disempowered, we gain insight into the ways in which carceral systems have prevented emotional complexity resulting in a form of incipient and largely invisible violence.
Historically, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the ocean has been attributed to photochemical and biochemical reactions. However, hydrothermal vents emit globally significant ...inventories of reduced Fe and S species that should react rapidly with oxygen in bottom water and serve as a heretofore unmeasured source of ROS. Here, we show that the Fe-catalyzed oxidation of reduced sulfur species in hydrothermal vent plumes in the deep oceans supported the abiotic formation of ROS at concentrations 20 to 100 times higher than the average for photoproduced ROS in surface waters. ROS (measured as hydrogen peroxide) were determined in hydrothermal plumes and seeps during a series of
dives at the North East Pacific Rise. Hydrogen peroxide inventories in emerging plumes were maintained at levels proportional to the oxygen introduced by mixing with bottom water. Fenton chemistry predicts the production of hydroxyl radical under plume conditions through the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with the abundant reduced Fe in hydrothermal plumes. A model of the hydroxyl radical fate under plume conditions supports the role of plume ROS in the alteration of refractory organic molecules in seawater. The ocean's volume circulates through hydrothermal plumes on timescales similar to the age of refractory dissolved organic carbon. Thus, plume-generated ROS can initiate reactions that may affect global ocean carbon inventories.
The Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Comisión de la Verdad; CVR) is considered one of the most comprehensive in Latin America. Peru set forth a plan for reparations to address the gross ...inequalities underlying the war, yet nearly twenty years since the CVR report was submitted, extreme discrimination of victims undergirds the systemic challenges that impede the allocation of due resources and recognition of rights for war survivors. This article draws from a larger case study with a female war survivor from the Department of Ayacucho. By highlighting the challenges survivors face in accessing reparations, this research illustrates how a lack of judicial accountability, scarcity of resources applied to reparations, politicized narrative surrounding victimhood, and failure to adequately reconcile with the past, exacerbates marginalization that prompted the war and undermines the CVR's goal of transitional justice.
Resumen
El trabajo de la Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación del Perú (CVR) está considerado como uno de los más exhaustivos en Latinoamérica. El Perú recientemente implementó un Plan Integral de Reparaciones dirigido a resolver las profundas desigualdades que ocultó la guerra interna durante casi veinte años después que se presentara el informe final de la CVR. En este informe se hace evidente la extrema discriminación de las víctimas así como las dificultades sistémicas que impiden la correcta asignación de recursos y reconocimiento de derechos a los sobrevivientes de la guerra. Este artículo es parte de un caso de estudio más extenso de una mujer sobreviviente de la guerra en el Departamento de Ayacucho. A través de información que permite conocer los desafíos que los sobrevivientes deben enfrentar para acceder a las reparaciones, esta investigación ilustra cómo la falta de responsabilidad judicial, la escasez de recursos para financiar dichas reparaciones, la narrativa politizada que rodea la victimización y la falta de una adecuada reconciliación con el pasado, exacerban la marginalización que impulsó la guerra y debilita los objetivos de la CVR de alcanzar justicia transicional.
We measured the speciation of dissolved Mn from the surface to just above the hydrothermal vents at 9°50′N East Pacific Rise in the open ocean of the Pacific over a 3‐week period. Total dissolved Mn ...concentrations ranged from 2.2 to 135 nmol L−1 with a significant contribution of dissolved Mn(III) bound to humic acid in one third of our samples representing up to 64% of the total dissolved Mn. These humic complexes were mostly detected in the hydrothermal vent plume and at the redox boundaries of the oxygen minimum zone in the water column. In the hydrothermal plume, the Mn(III)‐humic acid stabilized the manganese in solution up to a ~ 10,000‐fold dilution of the venting water. In the upper water column, Mn(III)‐humic acid was only detected after a squall and rain event, which indicates that it is a transient species, persistent over days to weeks. This temporal variability highlights the importance of non‐steady‐state processes in the open ocean, which may help to explain previous observations of a dissolved Mn maximum within oceanic oxygen minimum zones.
Deciphering the origin, age, and composition of deep marine organic carbon remains a challenge in understanding the dynamics of the marine carbon cycle. In particular, the composition of aged organic ...carbon and what allows its persistence in the deep ocean and in sediment is unresolved. Here, we observe that both high and low temperature hydrothermal vents at the 9° 50' N; 104° 17.5 W East Pacific Rise (EPR) vent field are a source for (sub)micron-sized graphite particles. We demonstrate that commonly applied analytical techniques for quantification of organic carbon detect graphite. These analyses thereby classify graphite as either dissolved or particulate organic carbon, depending on the particle size and filtration method, and overlook its relevance as a carbon source to the deep ocean. Settling velocity calculations indicate the potential for these (sub)micron particles to become entrained in the buoyant plume and distributed far from the vent fields. Thus, our observations provide direct evidence for hydrothermal vents acting as a source of old carbon to the deep ocean.
The mutation process ultimately defines the genetic features of all populations and, hence, has a bearing on a wide range of issues involving evolutionary genetics, inheritance, and genetic ...disorders, including the predisposition to cancer. Nevertheless, formidable technical barriers have constrained our understanding of the rate at which mutations arise and the molecular spectrum of their effects. Here, we report on the use of complete-genome sequencing in the characterization of spontaneously arising mutations in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our results confirm some findings previously obtained by indirect methods but also yield numerous unexpected findings, in particular a very high rate of point mutation and skewed distribution of base-substitution types in the mitochondrion, a very high rate of segmental duplication and deletion in the nuclear genome, and substantial deviations in the mutational profile among various model organisms.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants are widely used in evolutionary genetics as markers for population history and to estimate divergence times among taxa. Inferences of species history are generally ...based on phylogenetic comparisons, which assume that molecular evolution is clock-like. Between-species comparisons have also been used to estimate the mutation rate, using sites that are thought to evolve neutrally. We directly estimated the mtDNA mutation rate by scanning the mitochondrial genome of Drosophila melanogaster lines that had undergone approximately 200 generations of spontaneous mutation accumulation (MA). We detected a total of 28 point mutations and eight insertion-deletion (indel) mutations, yielding an estimate for the single-nucleotide mutation rate of 6.2 x 10(-8) per site per fly generation. Most mutations were heteroplasmic within a line, and their frequency distribution suggests that the effective number of mitochondrial genomes transmitted per female per generation is about 30. We observed repeated occurrences of some indel mutations, suggesting that indel mutational hotspots are common. Among the point mutations, there is a large excess of G-->A mutations on the major strand (the sense strand for the majority of mitochondrial genes). These mutations tend to occur at nonsynonymous sites of protein-coding genes, and they are expected to be deleterious, so do not become fixed between species. The overall mtDNA mutation rate per base pair per fly generation in Drosophila is estimated to be about 10x higher than the nuclear mutation rate, but the mitochondrial major strand G-->A mutation rate is about 70x higher than the nuclear rate. Silent sites are substantially more strongly biased towards A and T than nonsynonymous sites, consistent with the extreme mutation bias towards A+T. Strand-asymmetric mutation bias, coupled with selection to maintain specific nonsynonymous bases, therefore provides an explanation for the extreme base composition of the mitochondrial genome of Drosophila.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Deep-seated stigma continues to plague efforts to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS in much of Sub-Saharan Africa. While access to antiretroviral treatment has expanded, the spread of HIV continues to rise ...in the West Nile Region of Uganda. Economic empowerment programs are often heralded as a key means to address gender inequality and poverty and mollify the impacts of AIDS-related stigma. In order to assess how economic empowerment programs impact HIV-positive women’s experiences with stigma, we conducted a series of focus groups with HIV-positive women involved with economic empowerment programs and interviews and focus groups with key family members of women with AIDS in West Nile Uganda. Employing an intersectional approach, we found that HIV/AIDS interrelated with particular marriage and descent practices in ways that further marginalized women. We also discovered that economic empowerment programs actively countered women’s vulnerability by directly addressing the mutual influences of axes of inequality within which women were embedded. Consequently, HIV-positive women were able to (re)gain a sense of legitimacy in their households and communities, ultimately mitigating their experiences with AIDS-related stigma. Our research highlights the need for a deeper understanding of how economic empowerment programs are embedded within larger cultural frameworks and perceived by those in participants’ greater social milieu in order to effectively assess the overall impact of interventions on AIDS-related stigma.
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