•First English translation of Luigi Pasinetti’s ‘The Tableau Économique and the Modern Economy’.•Elaborates the historical contexts for the Tableau Économique and draws attention to its place within ...eighteenth-century debates about taxation.•Explains in non-technical terms the importance of François Quesnay’s Tableau to Luigi Pasinetti’s work in general and in particular his attacks on the Marginalists.
In 2002, Professor Luigi L. Pasinetti gave a keynote address at the Raffaele Mattioli Foundation and Library in honour of their acquisition of a rare third edition of François Quesnay’s Tableau Économique. This lecture subsequently appeared as a chapter in Italian in the conference volume edited by Giancarlo De Vivo in 2009. In honour of Luigi Pasinetti’s 90th birthday, Professor Coffman has offered the first English translation of Pasinetti’s essay on Quesnay, which she also introduces by reflecting on its rhetorical strategy, argumentative structure, and Pasinetti’s use of Quesnay to critique mainstream neoclassical economics. She ends her introduction by drawing attention to the place of the Tableau within contemporary debates about taxation and the optimal scale and capacities of the state.
Chemokines orchestrate cell migration for development, immune surveillance, and disease by binding to cell surface heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors ...(GPCRs). The array of interactions between the nearly 50 chemokines and their 20 GPCR targets generates an extensive signaling network to which promiscuity and biased agonism add further complexity. The receptor CXCR4 recognizes both monomeric and dimeric forms of the chemokine CXCL12, which is a distinct example of ligand bias in the chemokine family. We demonstrated that a constitutively monomeric CXCL12 variant reproduced the G protein-dependent and β-arrestin-dependent responses that are associated with normal CXCR4 signaling and lead to cell migration. In addition, monomeric CXCL12 made specific contacts with CXCR4 that are not present in the structure of the receptor in complex with a dimeric form of CXCL12, a biased agonist that stimulates only G protein-dependent signaling. We produced an experimentally validated model of an agonist-bound chemokine receptor that merged a nuclear magnetic resonance-based structure of monomeric CXCL12 bound to the amino terminus of CXCR4 with a crystal structure of the transmembrane domains of CXCR4. The large CXCL12:CXCR4 protein-protein interface revealed by this structure identified previously uncharacterized functional interactions that fall outside of the classical "two-site model" for chemokine-receptor recognition. Our model suggests a mechanistic hypothesis for how interactions on the extracellular face of the receptor may stimulate the conformational changes required for chemokine receptor-mediated signal transduction.
The digitization of images has not only led to increasingly sophisticated methods of quantitating information from those images themselves, but also to the development of new physics-based techniques ...for extracting information from the original specimen and presenting this as visual data in both two and three-dimensional (3D) forms. This evolution of an image-based discipline has reached maturity in Radiology, but it is only just beginning in Pathology. An historical perspective is provided both on the current state of computational imaging in pathology and of the factors that are impeding further progress in the development and application of these approaches. Emphasis is placed on barriers to the dissemination of information in this area. The value of computational imaging in basic and translational research is clear. However, while there are many examples of “virtual diagnostics” in Radiology, there are only relatively few in Pathology. Nevertheless, we can do cellular level analysis of lesions accessible by endoscopic or catheterization procedures, and a number of steps have been taken toward real-time imaging as adjuncts to traditional biopsies. Progress in computational imaging will greatly expand the role of pathologists in clinical medicine as well as research.
As part of the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) 1999 Intensive Field Phase, measurements of aerosol properties were made on board the R/V Ronald H. Brown in the Indian Ocean north and south of the ...Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the Arabian Sea and in the Bay of Bengal. On the basis of air mass trajectories, eight air mass source regions were identified including the southern hemisphere Atlantic; southern hemisphere Indian Ocean; northern hemisphere Indian Ocean; east Indian subcontinent where trajectories came from near Calcutta, through the southern portion of India, and then to the ship; Indian subcontinent where trajectories came from across central India to the ship; Arabia; Arabia/Indian subcontinent, a mixed region where lower‐level trajectories came from Arabia and upper‐level trajectories came from India; and Arabian Sea/coastal India where trajectories came from along the coast of India to the ship. Properties of the aerosol measured in the marine boundary layer included chemical composition, number size distribution, and scattering and absorption coefficients. In addition, vertical profiles of aerosol backscatter and optical depth were measured. Presented here as a function of air mass source region are the concentrations and mass fractions of the dominant aerosol chemical components, the fraction of the extinction measured at the surface due to each component, mass extinction efficiencies of the individual components, aerosol scattering and absorption coefficients, single scattering albedo, Ångström exponent, and optical depth. All results except aerosol optical depth are reported at the measurement relative humidity of 55 ± 5%. For air masses that originated from the two southern hemisphere marine regions (southern hemisphere Atlantic and Indian Ocean), sea salt dominated the extinction by sub‐1 μm and sub‐10 μm aerosol particles. The ratios of sub‐1μm to sub‐10 μm extinction were the lowest measured of all air mass source regions (mean values of 28 and 40%) due to the dominance of the aerosol mass by supermicron sea salt. In addition, aerosol optical depths were the lowest measured averaging 0.06 ± 0.03. Non‐sea‐salt (nss) sulfate aerosol concentrations in air masses from the northern hemisphere Indian Ocean were a factor of 6 higher than those in southern hemisphere air masses, while submicron sea‐salt concentrations were comparable. Sulfate aerosol made up 40% of the sub‐1μm extinction, while sea salt dominated the sub‐10 μm extinction. Aerosol optical depths for this source region averaged 0.10 ± 0.03. A mean single scattering albedo near 0.89 and detectable black carbon (BC) concentrations (0.14 ± 0.05 μg m−3) indicated the transport of continentally derived aerosol to the ITCZ. The two regions influenced by low‐level (500 m) airflow from Arabia had higher concentrations of submicron nss sulfate, particulate organic matter (POM), and inorganic oxidized material (IOM) than were observed in the marine regions. Concentrations of supermicron IOM were comparable to supermicron sea‐salt concentrations. Nss sulfate aerosol dominated the sub‐1 μm extinction and made significant contributions to the sub‐10 μm extinction. Sea salt dominated the supermicron extinction. Mean BC contributions to submicron extinction were 8 and 12%. Single scattering albedo values averaged 0.93 ± 0.02 and 0.89 ± 0.02 for these two source regions. Aerosol optical depths averaged 0.19 ± 0.12 and 0.38 ± 0.07 with the higher value due to upper‐level (2500 m) flow from India. Regions influenced by low‐level airflow from the Indian subcontinent had the highest submicron nss sulfate, POM, BC, and IOM concentrations measured during the experiment. Supermicron sea‐salt concentrations were lower than or comparable to supermicron nitrate concentrations. Sub‐1 μm and sub‐10 μm extinction were dominated by nss sulfate aerosol although a burning component consisting of BC, KNO3, and K2SO4 made a nearly equivalent contribution. These regions had a mean single scattering albedo of 0.85 ± 0.01, the lowest measured for any region. Mean aerosol optical depths were highest (0.3 to 0.4) for regions with low‐level or upper‐level airflow from the Indian subcontinent.
This paper describes a modelling study of several HOx and NOx species (OH, HO2, organic peroxy radicals, NO3 and N2O5) in the marine boundary layer. A model based upon the Master Chemical Mechanism ...(MCM) was constrained to observations of chemical and physical parameters made onboard the NOAA ship R/V Brown as part of the New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS) in the summer of 2004. The model was used to calculate OH and to determine the composition of the peroxy radical pool. Modelled NO3 and N2O5 were compared to in-situ measurements by Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. The comparison showed that the model generally overestimated the measurements by 30–50%, on average. The model results were analyzed with respect to several chemical and physical parameters, including uptake of NO3 and N2O5 on fog droplets and on aerosol, dry deposition of NO3 and N2O5, gas-phase hydrolysis of N2O5 and reactions of NO3 with NMHCs and peroxy radicals. The results suggest that fog, when present, is an important sink for N2O5 via rapid heterogeneous uptake. The comparison between the model and the measurements were consistent with values of the heterogeneous uptake coefficient of N2O5 (γN2O5)>1×10−2, independent of aerosol composition in this marine environment. The analysis of the different loss processes of the nitrate radical showed the important role of the organic peroxy radicals, which accounted for a significant fraction (median: 15%) of NO3 gas-phase removal, particularly in the presence of high concentrations of dimethyl sulphide (DMS).
The radiative effects of tropospheric aerosol particles are a complex function of the chemical, physical, and optical properties of the aerosol. Closure experiments provide a means for identifying ...and reducing uncertainties associated with these aerosol properties and hence with the estimation of aerosol radiative forcing. In a closure experiment, an aerosol property is measured by one or more methods and calculated from a model that is based on other independently measured properties. A comparison of the measured and calculated values can reveal inadequacies in either the measurements or the model. A goal of the Aerosol Characterization Experiments (ACE) is to reduce the uncertainty associated with estimating aerosol radiative forcing through both local and column closure experiments. The remote marine aerosol encountered during ACE 1 was well suited for such closure studies because of its relatively simple chemical composition. Local closure experiments were conducted on board the NOAA RV Discoverer focusing on the aerosol mass concentration and scattering and backscattering coefficients. Aerosol mass was determined by gravimetric analysis, ion chromatography, and by converting the number size distribution to a mass distribution. Scattering and backscattering coefficients were measured with an integrating nephelometer and calculated from a Mie scattering model. The different measures of mass agreed for both the submicron and supermicron aerosol indicating that within experimental uncertainty, the aerosol was composed entirely of ionic species and associated water mass. Measured and calculated values of scattering and backscattering coefficients for submicron aerosol agreed within experimental uncertainty. There was an offset, however, between the Mie‐calculated true values and the measured values that is not explained by nonidealities of the nephelometer response. Closure was not obtained for scattering or backscattering in the supermicron size range due to inadequacies of the techniques used to measure the size distribution and scattering in this size range. Both the mass and the scattering closure experiments indicate a need for an improved understanding of the response of aerosol growth, mixing state, and scattering to changes in relative humidity.
Over the past 25 years the New Horizons International Music Association (NHIMA) has grown from its roots as a local programme in Rochester, New York, to an international organization that comprises ...more than 200 programmes touching thousands of participants in the United States, Canada,
Australia and Europe. The organization's unique mission and older adult population have offered expanded opportunities for research, but no review has exclusively focused on the literature related to New Horizons music populations. The authors identified 64 articles, book chapters and
dissertations that have investigated questions related to participation in these programmes. They categorized the NHIMA-based publications into three overarching strands: (1) research literature from research journals (n=35), dissertations (n=12), book chapters and conference proceedings (n=10),
(2) articles for practitioners from periodicals such as the Music Educators Journal and the Instrumentalist (n=7) and (3) semi-annual newsletters published by NHIMA from 2004 to 2016. This review focused on the research articles, dissertations and the newsletters. A consideration of studies
offered insights into who has been researched and the programmes in which they participate. Psychosocial constructs have emerged as integral to New Horizons research and comprise the roles and nature of social interaction, identity formation, motivation and perceived musical, social and health
benefits. Finally, an analysis of studies that have investigated pedagogical concerns revealed trends, best practices, resources and approaches that New Horizons programmes have utilized over the last quarter of a century.
A ternary nucleation model for the H2SO4‐NH3‐H2O system is presented in an effort to examine the effect of NH3 on heteromolecular homogeneous nucleation in the marine boundary layer (MBL). The ...results from this nucleation model suggest that ammonia could, in fact, enhance the nucleation rate over that of the binary system, H2SO4‐H2O. The magnitude of this enhancement is introduced as an enhancement ratio, which, in principle, is applicable to any binary nucleation rate for H2SO4‐H2O. Also presented are preliminary results from a simple aerosol model using this enhancement ratio. These results suggest that under conditions typical of the marine environment it may be possible to produce enough particles to balance the various particle sinks characteristic of the MBL.
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