Social and economic inequality are increasingly linked with greater vulnerability and compromised resilience for communities navigating ecological and institutional change. We focused on social ...resilience; i.e., the ability of foundational social institutions of sharing and cooperation in three Arctic Indigenous communities to maintain key social processes and structures in response to contemporary challenges. We explored two propositions: first, sharing and cooperation are distributional processes that increase the equality of access to wild foods at the community level. Second, sharing and cooperation embody cultural mechanisms that express trust and build social cohesion. Our analyses were based on household-level harvest and social network data that represented social ties and magnitudes of wild foods flowing from crews and between households. Qualitative and quantitative results indicated that material, emotional, and cultural outcomes of sharing and cooperation act across social levels—households to communities—to increase equality and equity. For all three communities, Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients indicated that distributions of wild food were more equal when sharing, cooperative-provisioning, and self-provisioning were considered than household self-provisioning alone. Network regressions emphasized close kinship and total harvest as social mechanisms strongly predictive of sharing outflows across communities (i.e., people share with family, and the more you have, the more you give). Income effects were mixed. There was evidence of different forms of need-based sharing in all communities, which suggests that social relationships also act as mechanisms to improve equity. Qualitative results linked decisions to share and cooperate with outcomes of well-being, and cultural integrity at household and community levels. While production of wild foods occurs at greater-than-household scales, the State manages wild food production at individual and household scales, which sets up conflicts between Indigenous communities and the State. Sharing and cooperative networks embedded in Arctic mixed economies are culturally derived and place-based institutions. Redistribution of resources through these networks, and the maintenance of social relationships to activate networks in times of need, increase the equality of outcomes—and therefore social resilience—at the community level in the face of rapid change.
Salmon are intrinsic to health and well-being in Alaska, and sit at the center of myriad social, cultural, and spiritual practices, norms, and values. These practices and values are essential to ...living and being well in many communities in Alaska, but often remain invisible and unaccounted for in management contexts. This paper stems from the collective efforts of a cross-disciplinary, cross-cultural project team brought together as part of the State of Alaska's Salmon and People (SASAP) knowledge synthesis project. In this paper, we assess the sustainability and equity of Alaska salmon systems through a well-being framework. Key objectives include (1) defining and conceptualizing well-being in the context of Alaska salmon systems; (2) developing and assessing well-being indicators for Alaska salmon systems; and (3) evaluating how well-being concepts are currently incorporated into Alaska salmon management and suggesting improvements. We draw on specific examples to evaluate the application of well-being indicators as a tool to more effectively measure and evaluate social considerations, and discuss how to better integrate well-being concepts into governance and management to improve data collection and decision making. As part of this effort, we discuss trends and inequities in Alaska fisheries and communities that impact well-being, and tensions between equality and equity in the context of Alaska salmon management.
Fishing people across the globe have experienced a fundamental restructuring of their livelihoods, communities, and economies as the result of shifts to rights-based fisheries management in the past ...half-century. The ideological underpinnings of this movement are based in neoliberalism, which is a belief system that values individualism, competition, private property, and governance by the free market. I examine some of the long-term and latent effects of this and other significant historical transitions in the fishery-dependent Bristol Bay region of Alaska. Relationships between humans and salmon in Bristol Bay evolved over thousands of years and inform the way that many fishing livelihoods are pursued today. In addition to these foundational relationships, many significant changes have occurred that have shocked and stressed the livelihood “fabric” woven many interlocking threads (i.e., the sociocultural, economic, knowledge/skill, political, natural, physical building blocks needed to construct a fishing livelihood in the region). Informed by literature review and ethnography, I describe in detail four such changes: colonization of Bristol Bay’s Indigenous peoples, industrialization of the commercial fishery, implementation of a rights-based access regime (i.e., limited entry permit program), and the sockeye salmon price crash of the early 2000s. These effects linger today and raise questions for the future of the Bay and its fisheries, with respect to two particular issues: the uncertainty around the next generation of fishermen, and the severe loss of locally held permits in the Bay. To address the former, I conducted a survey of local students to measure their perceptions of the fishing industry and of community life. The results of this survey suggest that familial fishing ties, experience in the fishery, subsistence fishing activity, and household economic dependence on commercial fishing income are strong predictors of a student’s desire to be engaged in commercial fishing as an adult. I examine the second issue—the loss of locally held fishing rights since the implementation of limited entry—through the combined analysis of qualitative ethnographic data and quantitative data on commercial fishery permit holdings, subsistence activity, permit holder age, and new entry trends by community and residence category. The immense loss of limited entry permits continues to challenge livelihoods because access to local fisheries is the foundation of not only the region’s economy, but also of the shared identity, history, and culture of local people, family and social networks, and the mechanism by which fishing knowledge, skills, values, and ethics are transferred to the next generation. I suggest that policymakers and fishery managers dispense with neoliberal panaceas, and design fisheries policies that reflect the multiplicity of worldviews held by the policy’s target populations by diversifying their own means and methods for understanding fishery systems.
Trade Secret Litigation Coleman, Jesse M; Phillips, John
The IP Litigator : Devoted to Intellectual Property Litigation and Enforcement,
01/2020, Letnik:
26, Številka:
1
Trade Publication Article
...the Ninth Circuit vacated the jury verdict and dismissed MGA's trade secret misappropriation claim without prejudice. The Court of Appeals agreed with Mattel; and in its holding, the Court of ...Appeals clarified the proper running of the statute of limitations: * The statute of limitations begins to run "when the plaintiff has reason to suspect an injury and some wrongful cause." * "A plaintiff need not be aware of the specific 'facts' necessary to establish the claim; that is a process contemplated by pretrial discovery. . ...the Court of Appeals held that the statute of limitations had run and affirmed the dismissal of MGA's lawsuit.
Health psychology research emphasizes biological and positivist methods, giving less attention to the multifaceted sociocultural and political forces at play in health processes and outcomes. In this ...article, we present a new sociostructural approach for working toward racial equity in health psychology research, consistent with public psychology goals. This new approach uses the multicultural orientation framework (MCO) to guide health psychologists to consider the sociocultural and political history of their work, systems of oppression and privilege embedded in health research, and a path toward using research to achieve social change, antiracism, and health equity. We identify MCO as a tool for health psychology researchers to engage in ongoing self-reflection, cultivate cultural humility, and act upon opportunities to examine cultural factors at each step of the research process. After describing the MCO's components of cultural humility, cultural opportunities, and cultural comfort, we introduce questions that researchers can use to guide self-reflexivity and the implementation of MCO into health psychology research focused on racial equity. Specifically, we present the issue of Black women's perinatal health to embody the importance of applying MCO to health disparities research. We then walk through how to apply MCO in health research study development, data collection, and data dissemination. As we outline how to apply MCO to promote antiracist health research, we aim to enact social change consistent with the public psychology goals of building and fostering strong community relationships that inform social policy.
Public Significance Statement
This article presents the multicultural orientation (MCO; Owen, 2013) as a framework that can be applied to health psychology research focused on racial equity to achieve public psychology's aim of using science to create societal change. A MCO prompts health psychology researchers to engage in self-reflection, cultivate cultural humility, and utilize research as a cultural opportunity to enact antiracism.
IMPORTANCE: Guidelines for cancer genetic testing based on family history may miss clinically actionable genetic changes with established implications for cancer screening or prevention. OBJECTIVE: ...To determine the proportion and potential clinical implications of inherited variants detected using simultaneous sequencing of the tumor and normal tissue (“tumor-normal sequencing”) compared with genetic test results based on current guidelines. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: From January 2014 until May 2016 at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 10 336 patients consented to tumor DNA sequencing. Since May 2015, 1040 of these patients with advanced cancer were referred by their oncologists for germline analysis of 76 cancer predisposition genes. Patients with clinically actionable inherited mutations whose genetic test results would not have been predicted by published decision rules were identified. Follow-up for potential clinical implications of mutation detection was through May 2017. EXPOSURE: Tumor and germline sequencing compared with the predicted yield of targeted germline sequencing based on clinical guidelines. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Proportion of clinically actionable germline mutations detected by universal tumor-normal sequencing that would not have been detected by guideline-directed testing. RESULTS: Of 1040 patients, the median age was 58 years (interquartile range, 50.5-66 years), 65.3% were male, and 81.3% had stage IV disease at the time of genomic analysis, with prostate, renal, pancreatic, breast, and colon cancer as the most common diagnoses. Of the 1040 patients, 182 (17.5%; 95% CI, 15.3%-19.9%) had clinically actionable mutations conferring cancer susceptibility, including 149 with moderate- to high-penetrance mutations; 101 patients tested (9.7%; 95% CI, 8.1%-11.7%) would not have had these mutations detected using clinical guidelines, including 65 with moderate- to high-penetrance mutations. Frequency of inherited mutations was related to case mix, stage, and founder mutations. Germline findings led to discussion or initiation of change to targeted therapy in 38 patients tested (3.7%) and predictive testing in the families of 13 individuals (1.3%), including 6 for whom genetic evaluation would not have been initiated by guideline-based testing. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this referral population with selected advanced cancers, universal sequencing of a broad panel of cancer-related genes in paired germline and tumor DNA samples was associated with increased detection of individuals with potentially clinically significant heritable mutations over the predicted yield of targeted germline testing based on current clinical guidelines. Knowledge of these additional mutations can help guide therapeutic and preventive interventions, but whether all of these interventions would improve outcomes for patients with cancer or their family members requires further study. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01775072
We present the set of deep Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) X-ray timing observations of the nearby rotation-powered millisecond pulsars PSRs J0437−4715, J0030+0451, J1231−1411, and ...J2124−3358, selected as targets for constraining the mass-radius relation of neutron stars and the dense matter equation of state (EoS) via modeling of their pulsed thermal X-ray emission. We describe the instrument, observations, and data processing/reduction procedures, as well as the series of investigations conducted to ensure that the properties of the data sets are suitable for parameter estimation analyses to produce reliable constraints on the neutron star mass-radius relation and the dense matter EoS. We find that the long-term timing and flux behavior and the Fourier-domain properties of the event data do not exhibit any anomalies that could adversely affect the intended measurements. From phase-selected spectroscopy, we find that emission from the individual pulse peaks is well described by a single-temperature hydrogen atmosphere spectrum, with the exception of PSR J0437−4715, for which multiple temperatures are required.
Indigenous Peoples and salmon in the lands now called Alaska have been closely entwined for at least 12,000 years. Salmon continue to be central to the ways of life of Alaska Natives, contributing to ...physical, social, economic, cultural, spiritual, psychological, and emotional well-being. Salmon have also become important to Alaskan settlers. Our research and advisory team conducted a synthesis of what is known about these diverse human–salmon relationships, drawing on 865 published scientific studies; Indigenous knowledge; state, federal, and tribal data; archival materials; oral histories; and cross-cultural dialogs at working group meetings. Two important socio-cultural dimensions of salmon–people systems emerged from this synthesis as fundamentally important but largely invisible outside of Indigenous communities and the social science disciplines that work closely with these communities: (1) the deep relationships between Indigenous Peoples and salmon and (2) the pronounced inequities that threaten these relationships and stewardship systems. These deep relationships are evident in the spiritual, cultural, social, and economic centrality of salmon across time and cultures in Alaska. We describe Indigenous salmon stewardship systems for the Tlingit, Ahtna, and Central Yup'ik. The inequities in Alaska's salmon systems are evident in the criminalization and limitation of traditional fishing ways of life and the dramatic alienation of Indigenous fishing rights. The loss of fish camps and legal battles over traditional hunting and fishing rights through time has caused deep hardship and stress. Statewide, the commodification and marketization of commercial fishing rights has dispossessed Indigenous communities from their human and cultural rights to fishing ways of life; as a result, many rural and Indigenous youth struggle to gain access to fishing livelihoods, leaving many fishing communities in a precarious state. These deep relationships and relatively recent fractures have motivated a concerted effort by a group of committed Indigenous and western scholars to better understand the root causes and opportunities for redress, as well as to document the breadth of research that has already been conducted, in an effort to improve the visibility of these often-overlooked dimensions of our salmon systems.
Trauma patients with pelvic fractures have a high rate of venous thromboembolism (VTEs). The reason for this high rate is unknown. We hypothesize that fibrinolysis shutdown (SD) predicts VTE in ...patients with severe pelvic fracture.
Retrospective chart review of trauma patients who presented with pelvic fracture from 2007 to 2017 was performed. Inclusion criteria were injury severity score > 15, abdomen/pelvis abbreviated injury scale >/= 3, blunt mechanism, admission citrated rapid thrombelastography (TEG). Fibrinolytic phenotypes were defined by fibrinolysis on citrated rapid TEG as hyperfibrinolysis, physiologic lysis, and SD. Univariate analysis of TEG measurements and clinical outcomes, followed by multivariable logistic regression (MV) with stepwise selection, was performed.
Overall, 210 patients were included. Most patients (59%) presented in fibrinolytic shutdown. VTE incidence was 11%. There were no significant differences in fibrinolytic phenotypes or other TEG measurements between those who developed VTE and those who did not. There was a higher rate of VTE in patients who underwent pelvic external fixation or resuscitative thoracotomy. On MV, pelvic fixation and resuscitative thoracotomy were independent predictors of VTE.
In severely injured patients with pelvic fractures, there was a high rate of VTE and the majority presented in SD. However, we were unable to correlate initial SD with VTE. Ultimately, the high rate of VTE in this patient population supports the concept of implementing VTE chemoprophylaxis measures as soon as hemostasis is achieved.
Recent data link exposure to repetitive head impacts (RHIs) from American football with increased white matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden. WMH might have unique characteristics in the context of RHI ...beyond vascular risk and normal aging processes. We evaluated biological correlates of WMH in former American football players, including markers of amyloid, tau, inflammation, axonal injury, neurodegeneration, and vascular health.
Participants underwent clinical interviews, MRI, and lumbar puncture as part of the Diagnostics, Imaging, and Genetics Network for the Objective Study and Evaluation of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Research Project. Structural equation modeling tested direct and indirect effects between log-transformed total fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) lesion volumes (TLV) and the revised Framingham stroke risk profile (rFSRP), MRI-derived global metrics of cortical thickness and fractional anisotropy (FA), and CSF levels of amyloid β
, p-tau
, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2), and neurofilament light. Covariates included age, race, education, body mass index,
ε4 carrier status, and evaluation site. Models were performed separately for former football players and a control group of asymptomatic men unexposed to RHI.
In 180 former football players (mean age = 57.2, 36% Black), higher log(TLV) had direct associations with the following: higher rFSRP score (B = 0.26, 95% CI 0.07-0.40), higher p-tau
(B = 0.17, 95% CI 0.01-0.43), lower FA (B = -0.28, 95% CI -0.42 to -0.13), and reduced cortical thickness (B = -0.25, 95% CI -0.45 to -0.08). In 60 asymptomatic unexposed men (mean age = 59.3, 40% Black), there were no direct effects on log(TLV) (rFSRP: B = -0.03, 95% CI -0.48 to 0.57; p-tau
: B = -0.30, 95% CI -1.14 to 0.37; FA: B = -0.07, 95% CI -0.48 to 0.42; or cortical thickness: B = -0.28, 95% CI -0.64 to 0.10). The former football players showed stronger associations between log(TLV) and rFSRP (1,069% difference in estimates), p-tau
(158%), and FA (287%) than the unexposed men.
Risk factors and biological correlates of WMH differed between former American football players and asymptomatic unexposed men. In addition to vascular health, p-tau
and diffusion tensor imaging indices of white matter integrity showed stronger associations with WMH in the former football players. FLAIR WMH may have specific risk factors and pathologic underpinnings in RHI-exposed individuals.
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