Xylella fastidiosa causes significant losses in many economically important crops. An efficient pathogen detection system is critical for epidemiology studies, particularly when large sample size is ...involved. In this study we report the development of immunomolecular assays like Immmunocapture-PCR and Immuno-PCR for direct detection of
X. fastidiosa without DNA isolation. Whereas the reactivity of ELISA and PCR ranged from 10
6 to 10
4 bacterial cells, the IC-PCR sensitivity was up to 10
3 and the detection limit of I-PCR was up to 10
1 bacterial cells. These methods can use either plant sample extracts or cultivated media, and show no cross reaction for any other endophytic citrus-bacteria. Therefore, IC-PCR and I-PCR assays provide an alternative for quick and very sensitive methods to screening
X. fastidiosa, with the advantage of not requiring any concentration or DNA purification steps while still allowing an accurate diagnosis of CVC.
ABSTRACT A total of 360 Xylella fastidiosa strains were isolated from sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) cv. Pera plants growing in five geographic regions in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. The ...genetic variation of these strains was determined by 15 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) and 58 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The mean values of genetic diversity (H) of X. fastidiosa strains within each geographic region determined by RAPD (H(RAPD)) were substantially lower than H(VNTR) values. H(RAPD) values ranged from 0.00 to 0.095, whereas the H(VNTR) values ranged from 0.024 to 0.285. A highly significant value of Nei's coefficient of gene differentiation (G(ST) = 0.355; P = 0.000) was detected among all five populations. Analysis of the molecular variance (AMOVA) also revealed significant genetic differentiation among regions or populations ( phi(STAT) = 0.810; P< 0.001). In addition, genetic differentiation among subpopulations (plants) within the regions (phi(STAT) = 0.699; P < 0.001) and within each plant (phi(STAT) = 368; P < 0.001) were statistically significant. These high values of genetic differentiation among X. fastidiosa strains from different regions suggest a genetic structure according to region of host origin. However, no apparent correlation between genetic distance and region of origin of populations were supported statistically by Mantel analysis (r = 0.27; P = 0.22).
Xylella fastidiosa is the causal agent of citrus variegated chlorosis and Pierce's disease which are the major threat to the citrus and wine industries. The most accepted hypothesis for Xf diseases ...affirms that it is a vascular occlusion caused by bacterial biofilm, embedded in an extracellular translucent matrix that was deduced to be the exopolysaccharide fastidian. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that virulent cells which form biofilm on glass have low fastidian content similar to the weak virulent ones. This indicates that high amounts of fastidian are not necessary for adhesion. In this paper we propose a kinetic model for X. fastidiosa adhesion, biofilm formation, and virulence based on electrostatic attraction between bacterial surface proteins and xylem walls. Fastidian is involved in final biofilm formation and cation sequestration in dilute sap.
Xylella fastidiosa is the causal agent of citrus variegated chlorosis and Pierce's disease which are the major threat to the citrus and wine industries. The most accepted hypothesis for
Xf diseases ...affirms that it is a vascular occlusion caused by bacterial biofilm, embedded in an extracellular translucent matrix that was deduced to be the exopolysaccharide fastidian. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that virulent cells which form biofilm on glass have low fastidian content similar to the weak virulent ones. This indicates that high amounts of fastidian are not necessary for adhesion. In this paper we propose a kinetic model for
X. fastidiosa adhesion, biofilm formation, and virulence based on electrostatic attraction between bacterial surface proteins and xylem walls. Fastidian is involved in final biofilm formation and cation sequestration in dilute sap.
ABSTRACT The use of promoters preferentially expressed in specific plant tissues is a desirable strategy to search for resistance for pathogens that colonize these tissues. The bacterium Candidatus ...Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), associated with huanglongbing disease (HLB) of citrus, colonizes phloem vessels. Some promoters, besides conferring tissue-specific expression, can also respond to the presence of the pathogen. The objective of the present study was to verify if the presence of Las could modulate the activation of the phloem-specific promoters AtPP2 (Arabidopsis thaliana phloem protein 2), AtSUC2 (A. thaliana sucrose transporter 2) and CsPP2 ( pCitrus phloemrotein 2), known to be expressed in Citrus sinensis phloem. ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange plants (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) transformed with the uidA (GUS) reporter gene under the control of AtPP2, AtSUC2 and CsPP2 promoters were infected to evaluate the interdependence between transgene expression and the concentration of Las. Plants were inoculated with Las by Diaphorina citri and eighteen months later, bacterial concentration and uidA expression were determined by qPCR and RT-qPCR, respectively. Reporter gene expression driven by AtSUC2 promoter was strongly and positively correlated with Las concentration. Therefore, this promoter combines desirable features of both tissue-specificity and pathogen-inducibility for the production of transgenic plants tolerant to Las.
RESUMO A utilização de promotores preferencialmente expressos em tecidos vegetais específicos é uma estratégia desejável na busca por resistência a patógenos que colonizam tais tecidos. A bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), associada à doença huanglongbing (HLB) em citros, coloniza o tecido floemático. Alguns promotores, além de conferir expressão específica em certos tecidos, podem também responder diferencialmente à presença de patógenos. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a presença de Las poderia modular a ativação dos promotores de floema AtPP2 (Arabidopsis thaliana phloem protein 2), AtSUC2 (A. thaliana sucrose transporter 2) e CsPP2 ( pCitrus phloemrotein 2), conhecidos por expressão específica em floema de Citrus sinensis. Plantas de laranja ‘Hamlin’ (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) transformadas com o gene reporter uidA (GUS) sob controle dos promotores AtPP2, AtSUC2 e CsPP2 foram infectadas para avaliar a interdependência entre a expressão dos transgenes e concentração de Las. Plantas foram inoculadas com Las por meio de Diaphorina citri e dezoito meses após, a concentração de bactéria e expressão do gene uidA foram determinadas por qPCR e RT-qPCR, respectivamente. A expressão do gene reporter dirigida pelo promotor AtSUC2 foi forte e positivamente correlacionada com a concentração de Las. Portanto, este promotor contém características desejáveis quanto à especificidade de expressão e indução específica por patógeno para a produção de plantas transgênicas tolerantes a Las.
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