Water demand has intensified the modernization of irrigation techniques, contributing to the optimization and/or development of technologies that aim to improve plant performance, such as nutrient ...uptake. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the macro- and micronutrient levels in leaves of ornamental sunflowers grown with different irrigation depths with magnetized water or ordinary water. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse following a 5x2 factorial scheme in a randomized block design. The treatments consisted of a combination of 5 irrigation depths based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc) (0.2, 0.7, 1.0, 1.3, and 1.6 ETc, corresponding to the irrigation depths of 56.47, 104.89, 133.94, 162.99, and 192.04 mm, respectively) and 2 types of irrigation water (magnetized water or ordinary water). The deepest irrigation depths generated the highest leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and zinc (Zn) and the lowest potassium (K), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) concentrations. The leaf concentrations of magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), boron (B), and manganese (Mn) were not significantly influenced by the irrigation depth. Ordinary water favored higher leaf concentrations of S, Cu, and Mn, while there were no significant differences between the water types regarding the levels of the other nutrients.
The quality of the coffee beverage is related to the chemical, physical, and sensory attributes of the coffee beans that vary with the geographic location of the crop, genetic factors, and ...post‐harvest processing. So, the objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic divergence of 27 genotypes of Coffea canephora using the volatile compounds and sensory attributes profile to select genotypes that produce a coffee beverage with high sensory quality. This genetic diversity was estimated from the Euclidean distance matrix using non‐standard data and the Unweighted Pair‐Group Method Using Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA). The 2‐furyl‐methanol, 4‐ethenyl‐2‐methoxyphenol, furfural, 5‐methylfurfural, methylpyrazine, and 2,6‐dimethylpyrazine were predominating volatile compounds in the genotypes. The sensory attributes had a positive Pearson's correlation with the total score. The volatile compounds had a different relative contribution to the genetic divergence between the genotypes of C. canephora. The 4‐ethenyl‐2‐methoxyphenol, 2‐furyl‐methanol, and furfural were volatile compounds that most contributed to the formation of the groups in the UPGMA dendrogram. The relative contribution of sensory attributes to dissimilarity among genotypes was 6.42% to 20.20%. Therefore, this study verified the relative contribution of volatile compounds, in specially 4‐ethenyl‐2‐methoxyphenol, 2‐furyl‐methanol, and furfural, and sensory attributes (flavor, mouthfeel, and bitterness/sweetness) to the genetic divergence between the genotypes of the three clonal varieties. Thus, this work points out compounds that positively contribute to the sensory quality of the Conilon coffee beverage.
ABSTRACT Du e to the concern with the contamination of food by pesticides, especially coffee, the aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and glyphosate residue in Conilon coffee ...beans with and without defects and harvested at different times after applying the herbicide. The experiment was in a split-plot design, with the presence or absence of defects in the beans comprising the subplots, and the periods of 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after applying the herbicide corresponding to the split plots. We analyzed the volatile compounds, bioactive compounds, and glyphosate residue in the beans. Regardless of the presence or absence of defects, there was an increase in the concentrations of bioactive compounds in the raw Conilon coffee beans as the interval between applying the herbicide and harvesting the beans was increased. The most abundant volatile compounds per percentage area belonged to the pyrazines, furans and phenols. The amount of glyphosate residue found in the beans exceeded the maximum detectable limit by the ELISA method regardless of the time between application and harvest, corresponding to values that are unacceptable to several purchasing countries, and making the samples unsuitable for export and a risk to food safety.
With the water crisis affecting several countries, the use of innovative technologies and methods in irrigated agriculture is essential to increase water use efficiency. The use of magnetised water ...has been considered a possibility both for saving water resources and in increasing crop productivity and quality. Following this, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the growth and longevity of flower stems of ornamental sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.; Vincent's Choice) irrigated with different irrigation depths and water subjected to magnetic field treatment. The treatments consisted of five percentage of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) (20, 70, 100, 130, and 160% of ETc) and two types of irrigation water (magnetised water; and ordinary water). The following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, inflorescence diameter, fresh and dry masses of the leaves and stems, fresh and dry masses of the inflorescence, and post-harvest longevity of the flower stems. The growth and post-harvest longevity characteristics were not influenced by the water type. An increase in irrigation depth promoted an increase in all analysed parameters. Regarding the commercialisation patterns of cut flowers, depth equal to or greater than 0.7 ETc yielded the best classification of ornamental sunflower.
ABSTRACT The modification of water management in the Conilon coffee (Coffea canephora) crop is a possible strategy to improve nutritional management efficiency and ensure better use of the genotypes ...for regions of transitional altitude. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional characteristics of 27 genotypes of C. canephora and submit them to two water management schemes in soil. The goal was to find evidence of higher leaf contents, exports, and nutrient recycling potential in the productive branches of various genotypes. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with three replications in a split-plot scheme. The treatment consisted of 27 genotypes of C. canephora and two water management schemes in soil (“Irrigated” and “Rainfed”). Nutritional content in leaves, exported by fruits, and pruned (leaves and stem of plagiotropic branches) recyclable contents were evaluated for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Variations were observed among genotypes for all the parameters evaluated in both water management in soil. However, significant homogeneous groups were formed among the genotypes in the irrigated management. Furthermore, the genotypes showed distinct nutritional characteristics in response to water management in the soil. Genotypes 108 and 302 had higher nutritional content and were exported by fruits, regardless of soil water management.
RESUMO A modificação do manejo hídrico na cultura do café Conilon (Coffea canephora) pode ser uma estratégia para melhorar a eficiência do manejo nutricional e garantir um melhor aproveitamento por parte dos genótipos para região de altitude de transição. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as características nutricionais de 27 genótipos de C. canephora, submetidos a dois manejos de água no solo, visando identificar genótipos que apresentam evidências de maiores teores foliares, exportações e potencial de reciclagem de nutrientes em seus ramos produtivos. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema de parcelas subdividida, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram nos 27 genótipos de C. canephora e dois manejos de água no solo (“Irrigado” e “Suprido apenas pela chuva”). Foram avaliados os teores nutricionais foliares, os conteúdos nutricionais exportados pelos frutos e os conteúdos nutricionais potencialmente recicláveis após a poda (folhas e caule dos ramos plagiotrópicos), dos macronutrientes: nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio. Houve diferenciação entre os genótipos para todas as características avaliadas em ambos os manejos de água no solo. Porém, houve formação de um maior número de grupos homogêneos entre os genótipos no manejo irrigado. Os genótipos apresentaram distinção nas características nutricionais em resposta aos manejos de água no solo. Os genótipos 108 e 302 acumularam maiores conteúdos nutricionais exportado pelos frutos, independentemente do manejo de água no solo.
ABSTRACT Due to the possibility of enhancing the physiological responses by modulating the architecture of coffee trees, the objective of the study was to analyze the leaf gas exchanges and biomass ...allocation of Arabica coffee cultivated with different numbers of orthotropic stems. The experiment was carried out in a plantation located in Santa Teresa-ES, Brazil, cultivated with spacing of 2.5×1.0 m, using the cultivar Catuaí Vermelho IAC44. The gas exchange rates were monitored along stages of the phenological cycle (2014/2015), following a split-plot scheme, 3×3 (number of orthotropic stems per plant in three levels: 1, 2 and 3; and the phenological stages in three levels: flowering, fruit formation and maturation). The allocation of biomass in the plagiotropic branches was also analyzed during the phenological stage of fruit maturation. The management of the number of orthotropic stems affected the photosynthetic responses and biomass allocation of coffee trees. Under the studied conditions, cultivating the plants with two orthotropic stems created conditions which promoted the photosynthetic responses. Keeping more stems promotes the availability of leaves per amount of produced fruits in the plagiotropic branches, allowing the plant to sustain the production with less metabolic wearing.
The objective of this study was to better understand the implications of the management of the number of orthotropic stems in Arabica coffee for its cultivation in low-altitude regions (< 500 m), ...characterizing its effects over the canopy architecture, production and allocation of biomass, photosynthesis and crop yield, as possible strategy for mitigating the stresses of cultivation at low-altitude regions. The experiment was conducted in a region with 124 m of elevation above sea level, studying four treatments with different numbers of orthotropic stems per plant such as one, two, three and four stems. After planting, during the stage of sprout budding, a number of sprouts were established in accordance to the treatments. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with eight repetitions. Parameters of gas exchange, chlorophyll contents, canopy architecture, production and allocation of biomass, and crop yield were evaluated to characterize the plant development. Overall, increasing the number of orthotropic stems per plant promoted leaf density, number of plagiotropic branches per plant, available leaf area per fruit mass, photosynthetic rate, crop yield, proportion of large grains and, possibly, the de-acceleration of the stem aging rate, mainly for the management with four orthotropic stems. It is concluded that the management of the number of orthotropic stems has potential use as a mitigator for the cultivation of Arabica coffee in low-altitude regions, being able to promote higher canopy density and, possibly, enhance microclimate conditions at the canopy level.
The study of 'Coffea' canephora genotypes at different environments, and the various edaphoclimatic characteristics and techniques used in the cropping systems is an important tool in the process of ...identifying those with higher adaptability to a particular scenario. The objective of this study was to characterize the development of Conilon coffee genotypes in an intercropping system with dwarf coconut palms. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Colatina (Espírito Santo, Brazil), studying agronomic traits of genotypes of Conilon coffee in a completely randomized design and six repetitions. The eight treatments were composed by eight Brazilian improved genotypes of Conilon coffee and traits of growth, leafiness and fruit bearing were measured. It was possible to verify different behaviors among genotypes regarding tree architecture and fruit production. The genotypes 83 and 48 presented higher number of fruits per branch, besides vigorous growth, along with genotype 153 which presented larger leaves and higher content of chlorophyll b. Genotype 02 also had higher chlorophyll b content, but did not develop large leaves. The genotypes 16 and 100 presented lower levels of chlorophyll b but greater leaf development. Genotypes 03 and 76 are characterized by lower harvest yield. The biomass and the number of fruits per plagiotropic branch seem to be especially useful to study the variability and may ease future studies of variability among genotypes in intercropping systems.
One of the main environmental stresses that affect the agriculture is the water deficit. There is a constant scientific search to understand the behavior of plants under conditions of drought, aiming ...to improve the yield of the agricultural species under the effects of this stress. The objective of this study was to determinate the adequate water availability at each stage of the phenological cycle of 'Crambe abyssinica' Hochst, aiming to assist the establishment of irrigation managements with rational water use for this crop. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse to study the influence of levels of water availability along the phenological stages of plants on crambe. A set of growth parameters were measured using a split plot scheme in time (four phenological stages and five levels of available water in the soil) in a completely randomized design and with four replications. The levels of water availability in the soil promoted alterations of growth rate, and the faster growth of 'Crambe abyssinica' were observed with hydric regimen able of provide levels higher than 45% of available water in the soil; overall, these levels promoted better development of the plants throughout the entire phenological cycle. Increasing the water availability in soil above 45% was fundamental to obtain higher harvest indexes, with maximum index obtained at 63% of water available.
RESUMO O estudo do comportamento do cafeeiro arábica conduzido com mais de um ramo ortotrópico surge como fonte de alternativas de melhoria da arquitetura da copa e da produção da lavoura cafeeira. ...Por isso, objetivou-se, com este trabalho, analisar a arquitetura da copa do cafeeiro arábica conduzido com diferentes números de ramos ortotrópicos por planta. Um experimento foi realizado em campo, no município de Santa Teresa, ES, em altitude de 740 m, topografia ondulado-acidentada, com precipitação e temperatura média anual de 1.282 mm e 21,1 ºC, respectivamente. O espaçamento foi de 2,5 x 1,0 m e o cultivar foi o Catuaí Vermelho IAC44. Em novembro de 2012, aos oito anos de idade, a lavoura foi recepada e as brotações que surgiram foram conduzidas para promover o estabelecimento de três tratamentos referentes ao número de ramos ortotrópicos: um, dois ou três ramos por planta. O experimento seguiu delineamento em blocos casualizados, com oito blocos e os três tratamentos. Plantas de cafeeiro arábica com dois ou três ramos ortotrópicos não se diferiram e apresentaram maior área e volume de copa, densidade de enfolhamento e área foliar dos ramos plagiotrópicos. A condução do cafeeiro arábica com dois ramos ortotrópicos por planta proporcionou maior produção de café beneficiado por hectare, bem como maior proporção de grãos graúdos (grãos maiores e com massa mais homogênea).
PDF
