Active Packaging Applications for Food Yildirim, Selçuk; Röcker, Bettina; Pettersen, Marit Kvalvåg ...
Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety,
January 2018, 2018-Jan, 2018-01-00, 20180101, Letnik:
17, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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The traditional role of food packaging is continuing to evolve in response to changing market needs. Current drivers such as consumer's demand for safer, “healthier,” and higher‐quality foods, ...ideally with a long shelf‐life; the demand for convenient and transparent packaging, and the preference for more sustainable packaging materials, have led to the development of new packaging technologies, such as active packaging (AP). As defined in the European regulation (EC) No 450/2009, AP systems are designed to “deliberately incorporate components that would release or absorb substances into or from the packaged food or the environment surrounding the food.” Active packaging materials are thereby “intended to extend the shelf‐life or to maintain or improve the condition of packaged food.” Although extensive research on AP technologies is being undertaken, many of these technologies have not yet been implemented successfully in commercial food packaging systems. Broad communication of their benefits in food product applications will facilitate the successful development and market introduction. In this review, an overview of AP technologies, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant or carbon dioxide‐releasing systems, and systems absorbing oxygen, moisture or ethylene, is provided, and, in particular, scientific publications illustrating the benefits of such technologies for specific food products are reviewed. Furthermore, the challenges in applying such AP technologies to food systems and the anticipated direction of future developments are discussed. This review will provide food and packaging scientists with a thorough understanding of the benefits of AP technologies when applied to specific foods and hence can assist in accelerating commercial adoption.
Chitosan is known for its antimicrobial and antifungal properties that make it a promising candidate for plant protection. However, when sprayed in open fields, the bioactivity of chitosan ...significantly diminishes, suggesting a possible influence of sunlight on chitosan structure. This study aimed to investigate the effects of UV radiation, by using artificial UV sources simulating sunlight, on the stability of chitosan. A powdered chitosan with a low polymerization degree was selected and analyzed using various physicochemical methods, both before and after irradiation. Some minor differences appeared. UV spectra analysis revealed the disappearance of initially present chromophores and the emergence of a new band around 340 nm, potentially indicating the formation of carbonyl compounds. However, elemental analysis, MALDI-TOF spectra, polymerization degree, and infrared spectra did not exhibit any clear structural modifications of chitosan. Interestingly, irradiated powdered chitosan samples maintained their bioactivity, including their eliciting and antifungal properties. In the case of grapevine, irradiated chitosan demonstrated effectiveness in controlling grapevine diseases such as downy mildew, contradicting the assumption that sunlight is responsible for the decreased effectiveness of chitosan in open field conditions.
Cereals are subject to contamination by pathogenic fungi, which damage grains and threaten public health with their mycotoxins. Fusarium graminearum and its mycotoxins, trichothecenes B (TCTBs), are ...especially targeted in this study. Recently, the increased public and political awareness concerning environmental issues tends to limit the use of traditional fungicides against these pathogens in favor of eco-friendlier alternatives. This study focuses on the development of biofungicides based on the encapsulation of a curcumin derivative, tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), in polysaccharide matrices. Starch octenylsuccinate (OSA-starch) and chitosan have been chosen since they are generally recognized as safe. THC has been successfully trapped into particles obtained through a spray-drying or freeze-drying processes. The particles present different properties, as revealed by visual observations and scanning electron microscopy. They are also different in terms of the amount and the release of encapsulated THC. Although freeze-dried OSA-starch has better trapped THC, it seems less able to protect the phenolic compound than spray-dried particles. Chitosan particles, both spray-dried and lyophilized, have shown promising antifungal properties. The IC50 of THC-loaded spray-dried chitosan particles is as low as 0.6 ± 0.3 g/L. These particles have also significantly decreased the accumulation of TCTBs by 39%.
The objective of this study was to increase the water resistance of paper while providing fungal resistance using a bio-based coating made from chitosan. The water resistance was improved through the ...surface control of roughness using modified calcium carbonate particles. The higher the quantity of particles in the film-forming solution, the higher the surface hydrophobicity of the paper. The addition of particles was found to counterbalance the chitosan hydrophilicity through the control of the coatings' penetration in the paper bulk. As a consequence, the wetting time and liquid water resistance were enhanced. The antifungal activity of the film-forming solutions and coated paper was also investigated against the growth of
, which was selected as a model strain able to contaminate paper materials. The results reveal that the antifungal activity of chitosan was improved by a possible synergic effect with the bicarbonate ions from the mineral particles.
We here report the synthesis of ionic liquids (ILs) composed of the cholinium cation and anions derived from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), namely ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and ...(S)-naproxen, and their incorporation into bacterial nanocellulose envisaging their use in topical drug delivery systems. The chemical structure of the synthesized ILs was confirmed by spectroscopic techniques, and thermal analysis confirming their categorization as ionic liquids with melting temperatures below 100 °C and resistance to autoclaving. The synthesized ILs display an aqueous solubility (at pH 7.4) ranging between 120 and 360 mM, which is up to 100 times higher than the solubility of the respective NSAID precursors, thus contributing to improved bioavailability. Their incorporation into bacterial cellulose originated transparent and homogeneous membranes. Thermogravimetric analysis (stable up to at least 225 °C) and mechanical assays (with minimum Young’s modulus of 937 MPa, maximum stress of 33 MPa and elongation at break of 5.6%) confirmed the suitability of the prepared membranes for application as topical drug delivery systems. Furthermore, the rehydration ability of IL-incorporated membranes is 18 to 26 times higher than bacterial cellulose, being valuable to the absorption of exudates. Release tests demonstrated a faster and complete release of the IL-based drugs when compared with the starting NSAIDs. Finally, it is demonstrated that bacterial cellulose is not cytotoxic nor proinflammatory, whereas the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory properties of IL-incorporated BC membranes are similar to those of NSAIDs or ILs, reinforcing their suitability as envisioned materials for topical drug release applications.
is a fungal pathogen that can colonize small-grain cereals and maize and secrete type B trichothecene (TCTB) mycotoxins. The development of environmental-friendly strategies guaranteeing the safety ...of food and feed is a key challenge facing agriculture today. One of these strategies lies on the promising capacity of products issued from natural sources to counteract crop pests. In this work, the in vitro efficiency of sixteen extracts obtained from eight natural sources using subcritical water extraction at two temperatures was assessed against fungal growth and TCTB production by
. Maritime pine sawdust extract was shown to be extremely efficient, leading to a significant inhibition of up to 89% of the fungal growth and up to 65% reduction of the mycotoxin production by
. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of this active extract revealed the presence of three families of phenolics with a predominance of methylated compounds and suggested that the abundance of methylated structures, and therefore of hydrophobic compounds, could be a primary factor underpinning the activity of the maritime pine sawdust extract. Altogether, our data support that wood/forest by-products could be promising sources of bioactive compounds for controlling
and its production of mycotoxins.
Five different chitosan samples (CHI-1 to CHI-5) from crustacean shells with high deacetylation degrees (>93%) have been deeply characterized from a chemical and physicochemical point of view in ...order to better understand the impact of some parameters on the bioactivity against two pathogens frequently encountered in vineyards,
and
. All the samples were analyzed by SEC-MALS,
H-NMR, elemental analysis, XPS, FTIR, mass spectrometry, pyrolysis, and TGA and their antioxidant activities were measured (DPPH method). Molecular weights were in the order: CHI-4 and CHI-5 (MW >50 kDa) > CHI-3 > CHI-2 and CHI-1 (MW < 20 kDa). CHI-1, CHI-2 and CHI-3 are under their hydrochloride form, CHI-4 and CHI-5 are under their NH
form, and CHI-3 contains a high amount of a chitosan calcium complex. CHI-2 and CHI-3 showed higher scavenging activity than others. The bioactivity against
was molecular weight dependent with an IC50 for CHI-1 = CHI-2 (13 mg/L) ≤ CHI-3 (17 mg/L) < CHI-4 (75 mg/L) < CHI-5 (152 mg/L). The bioactivity on
zoospores was important, even at a very low concentration for all chitosans (no moving spores between 1 and 0.01 g/L). These results show that even at low concentrations and under hydrochloride form, chitosan could be a good alternative to pesticides.
The European Green Deal aims to reduce the pesticide use, notably by developing biocontrol products to protect crops from diseases. Indeed, the use of significant amounts of chemicals negatively ...impact the environment such as soil microbial biodiversity or groundwater quality, and human health. Grapevine (
) was selected as one of the first targeted crop due to its economic importance and its dependence on fungicides to control the main damaging diseases worldwide: grey mold, downy and powdery mildews. Chitosan, a biopolymer extracted from crustacean exoskeletons, has been used as a biocontrol agent in many plant species, including grapevine, against a variety of cryptogamic diseases such as downy mildew (
), powdery mildew (
) and grey mold (
). However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its mode of action remain unclear: is it a direct biopesticide effect or an indirect elicitation activity, or both? In this study, we investigated six chitosans with diverse degrees of polymerization (DP) ranging from low to high DP (12, 25, 33, 44, 100, and 470). We scrutinized their biological activities by evaluating both their antifungal properties and their abilities to induce grapevine immune responses. To investigate their elicitor activity, we analyzed their ability to induce MAPKs phosphorylation, the activation of defense genes and metabolite changes in grapevine. Our results indicate that the chitosans with a low DP are more effective in inducing grapevine defenses and possess the strongest biopesticide effect against
and
. We identified chitosan with DP12 as the most efficient resistance inducer. Then, chitosan DP12 has been tested against downy and powdery mildews in the vineyard trials performed during the last three years. Results obtained indicated that a chitosan-based biocontrol product could be sufficiently efficient when the amount of pathogen inoculum is quite low and could be combined with only two fungicide treatments during whole season programs to obtain a good protection efficiency. On the whole, a chitosan-based biocontrol product could become an interesting alternative to meet the chemicals reduction targeted in sustainable viticulture.
To prevent the development and spread of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms via meat foodstuffs, antimicrobial packaging materials could be a potential alternative solution. Instead of mixing ...antimicrobial compounds directly with food, incorporating them in films allows the functional effect at the food surface – where the microbial growth is mostly found – to be localized. Antimicrobial packagings include systems such as adding a sachet into the package, dispersing bioactive agents in the packaging, coating bioactive agents on the surface of the packaging material, or utilizing antimicrobial macromolecules with film forming properties or edible matrices. The potential of these technologies are evaluated for the preservation of meat and meat products.
Chitosan films were plasticized with four hydrophilic compounds, namely, glycerol (GLY), ethylene glycol (EG), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and propylene glycol (PG). Our objective was to investigate ...the effect of plasticizers on mechanical and surface properties of chitosan films. The stability of plasticized films was observed by storage for 3 and 20 weeks in an environmental chamber at 50 ± 5% RH and 23 ± 2 °C. Plasticization improves the chitosan ductility, and typical stress−strain curves of plasticized films have the features of ductile materials, except the film made with 5% PG that exhibits as a brittle polymer and shows an antiplasticization effect. In most cases, the elongation of plasticized films decreases with the storage time, which might be due to the recrystallization of chitosan and the loss of moisture and plasticizer from the film matrix. Although at the beginning the mechanical properties of films made with PG, at high plasticizer concentration, are comparable to those of films made with EG, GLY, and PEG, their stability is poor and they tend to become brittle materials. The surface properties, analyzed by contact angle measurement, reveal that plasticization increases film hydrophilicity. It is found that GLY and PEG are more suitable as chitosan plasticizers than EG and PG by taking into account their plasticization efficiency and storage stability. Furthermore, a plasticizer concentration of 20% (w/w) with GLY or PEG seemingly is sufficient to obtain flexible chitosan film with a good stability for 5 months of storage. Keywords: Chitosan; plasticizers; edible film; mechanical properties; surface properties
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