Essential oil of rosemary was obtained by supercritical CO2-extraction (SCE), hydrodistillation (HYDRO), and steam distillation (SD). Quantity of oil, antioxidant activity, and chemical composition ...(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS) of the essential oils were evaluated. For SCE, oil was obtained at two temperatures (40 and 50 °C) and two pressures (10.34 and 17.24 MPa) using a rosemary particle size of 600 ± 50 μm. The yield was between 1.41 and 2.53 g essential oil (EO) 100 g−1 of dry rosemary (% w/w). The antioxidant activity values were in the range 29.67–37.55 mg equivalent of Trolox (ET) g−1 of EO or 22.66–30.81 mg ascorbic acid (AA) g−1 of EO. Yields of essential oil were between 0.35 and 2.35%. The antioxidant activity was found in the range 1.73–2.60 mg ET g−1 of EO or 1.50–2.20 mg AA g−1 of EO. Camphor, eucalyptol, β-caryophyllene, and borneol acetate were the main chemicals detected by GC-MS in EO.
•Essential oil of rosemary obtained by supercritical and steam distillation.•The yield of oil was between 1.41 and 2.53 g essential oil/100 g d.s. (% w/w).•Antioxidant activity was in the range 29.67–37.55 mg equivalent of Trolox/g oil.•Essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation yielded between 0.35 and 2.35%.•Camphor, eucalyptol, and β-caryophyllene were the main chemicals in essential oil.
•Great amount of phenolics was observed in Piper auritum and Porophyllum ruderale.•Little antioxidant activity was observed in the two types of dried plants.•The ethanol–water blend, used for ...extracting phenolics, was important.•Safrole was the main compound found in P. auritum.•No relationship was observed between antioxidant activity and total phenolics.
Extracts from fresh and dried samples of Mexican pepperleaf (Piper auritum Kunth) and “papalo” (Porophyllum ruderale) were obtained using a stirring or an ultrasound extraction system with five types of solvents (water, 50:50% v/v ethanol:water, 70:30% v/v ethanol:water, 85:15% v/v ethanol:1.5N HCl, and ethanol). Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were evaluated with the phenol Folin Ciocalteu reagent and the ABTS method, respectively. Total phenolic compounds (PC), trolox (T), and ascorbic acid (AA), in the two herbs, were in the range of 6.79–68.03mg of galic acid (GA)/g dry solids (d.s.), 4.88–64.99mg of T/gd.s., and 5.31–49.84mgAA/gd.s., respectively. Extracts from fresh “papalo”, using ultrasound as the extraction system, had the highest amount of total phenolic compounds. The fresh pepperleaf extract, obtained using ultrasound as the extraction method contained the highest amount of antioxidant activity.
Display omitted
•Essential oils of Piper auritum obtained by supercritical extraction.•Essential oils of Porophyllum ruderale obtained by supercritical extraction.•Yields were in the range ...2.37±0.05–3.09±0.12g oil/100g dry material.•Components identified by GC–MS in Piper auritum oil were safrole and phytol.•Isosafrole, α-copaene and phytol were identified in Porophyllum ruderale oil.
Essential oils (EO) of Piper auritum (“hoja santa”) and Porophyllum ruderale (“pápalo” or “pápalo quelite”), previously dried, were obtained by supercritical extraction (SCE) with CO2. Oil extraction was performed at two temperatures (40 and 50°C) and two pressures (10.34 and 17.24MPa). The steam distillation (SDE) method was used also for extraction of EO. Oils were analyzed in antioxidant activity (ABTS method). The chemical composition of oils, by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). Piper auritum oil yields were in the range 2.37±0.05–3.09±0.12g oil/100g dry material and in Porophyllum ruderale the yields were 0.82±0.01–1.35±0.09g oil/100g dry material. The antioxidant activity, for plants, were in the range 1.30–11.65mg equivalent of Trolox/g of oil and 1.09–10.16mg of ascorbic acid equivalent/g of oil. The main components identified by GC–MS in Piper auritum oil were safrole and phytol and in Porophyllum ruderale oil were isosafrole, α-copaene and phytol.
Bioactive compounds from medicinal plants have applications in the development of functional foods. However, since they are unstable, encapsulation is used as a conservation alternative. This work ...aimed to assess the bioactive properties (antioxidant and hypoglycemic) of different extracts, including the infusion, as well as their spray-dried microencapsulates from
leaves. A factorial design was proposed to determine the best extraction conditions, based on ABTS and DPPH inhibition. Maltodextrin (MD), arabic gum (AG), and a 1:1 blend (MD:AG) were used as encapsulating agents. Moreover, characterization through physicochemical properties, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the best two powders based on the bioactive properties were analyzed. The results showed that the combination of stirring, water, and 5 min provided the highest inhibition to ABTS and DPPH (35.64 ± 1.25 mg Trolox/g d.s. and 2.77 ± 0.01 g Trolox/g d.s., respectively). Spray drying decreased the antioxidant activity of the extract while preserving it in the infusion. The encapsulated infusion with MD:AG had the highest hypoglycemic activity as it presented the lowest glycemic index (GI = 47). According to the results, the microencapsulates could potentially be added in foods to enhance nutritional quality and prevent/treat ailments.
Bioactive compounds from medicinal plants have applications in the development of functional foods. However, since they are unstable, encapsulation is used as a conservation alternative. This work ...aimed to assess the bioactive properties (antioxidant and hypoglycemic) of different extracts, including the infusion, as well as their spray-dried microencapsulates from Tecoma stans leaves. A factorial design was proposed to determine the best extraction conditions, based on ABTS and DPPH inhibition. Maltodextrin (MD), arabic gum (AG), and a 1:1 blend (MD:AG) were used as encapsulating agents. Moreover, characterization through physicochemical properties, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the best two powders based on the bioactive properties were analyzed. The results showed that the combination of stirring, water, and 5 min provided the highest inhibition to ABTS and DPPH (35.64 ± 1.25 mg Trolox/g d.s. and 2.77 ± 0.01 g Trolox/g d.s., respectively). Spray drying decreased the antioxidant activity of the extract while preserving it in the infusion. The encapsulated infusion with MD:AG had the highest hypoglycemic activity as it presented the lowest glycemic index (GI = 47). According to the results, the microencapsulates could potentially be added in foods to enhance nutritional quality and prevent/treat ailments.
Extraction methods to obtain essential oils are usually influenced by many parameters. The optimization of the process is crucial because the extraction yield is low, i.e., less than 5 %. ...Fortunately, there are different ways to obtain essential oils and therefore to optimize the process. This article reviews recent studies regarding the use of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in the optimization of essential oils extraction. It attempts to detail the important parameters of both innovative methods and conventional methods. Even when the essential oil extraction yield is the most common optimized response in these publications, lately the concentration of any chemical compound of interest and/or the antioxidant activity of the essential oils are also candidates for optimization. In addition, not only a high yield of essential oil is desirable but also a high quality due to its final application. In this review, we cover a comprehensive overview of the studies made about the optimization of essential oils extracted from plants that use the RSM. This document was elaborated through a comprehensive and systematic review of the literature published between 2010 to 2020.
