Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is a low-cost, structurally reliable, and environmentally friendly surface modification method for orthopedic and dental implants. This technique is successful for ...the formation of porous, corrosion-resistant, and bioactive coatings, besides introducing antimicrobial compounds easily. Given the increase in implant-related infections, antimicrobial PEO-treated surfaces have been widely proposed to surmount this public health concern. This review comprehensively discusses antimicrobial implant surfaces currently produced by PEO in terms of their in vitro and in vivo microbiological and biological properties. We present a critical part I and evidence-based part II review about the plethora of antimicrobial PEO-treated surfaces. The mechanism of microbial accumulation on implanted devices and the principles of PEO technology to ensure antimicrobial functionalization by one- or multi-step processes are outlined. Our systematic literature search showed that particular focus has been placed on the metallic and semi-metallic elements incorporated into PEO surfaces to facilitate antimicrobial properties, which are often dose-dependent, without leading to cytotoxicity in vitro. Meanwhile, there are concerns over the biocompatibility of PEO and its long-term antimicrobial effects in animal models. We clearly highlight the importance of using clinically relevant infection models and in vivo long-term assessments to guarantee the rational design of antimicrobial PEO-treated surfaces to identify the ‘finish line’ in the race for antimicrobial implant surfaces.
Graphical abstract was designed using the web interface BioRender® Display omitted
•Antimicrobial PEO-treated surfaces are presented and systematically reviewed.•One- or multi-step processes ensure antimicrobial attributes in the PEO surfaces.•PEO-treated surfaces enhance antimicrobial and biological properties in vitro.•In vivo anti-infection activity of PEO surfaces should be encouraged.
Lactobacillus species produce biosurfactants that can contribute to the bacteria's ability to prevent microbial infections associated with urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts and the skin. Here, ...we described the biological and physicochemical properties of biosurfactants produced by Lactobacillus jensenii P
and Lactobacillus gasseri P
.
The biosurfactants produced by L. jensenii P
and L. gasseri P
reduced the water surface tension from 72 to 43.2 mN m
and 42.5 mN m
as their concentration increased up to the critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of 7.1 and 8.58 mg mL
, respectively. Maximum emulsifying activity was obtained at concentrations of 1 and 5 mg mL
for the P
and P
strains, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data revealed that the biomolecules consist of a mixture of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. The gas chromatography-mass spectrum analysis of L. jensenii P
biosurfactant showed a major peak for 14-methypentadecanoic acid, which was the main fatty acid present in the biomolecule; conversely, eicosanoic acid dominated the biosurfactant produced by L. gasseri P
. Although both biosurfactants contain different percentages of the sugars galactose, glucose and ribose; rhamnose was only detected in the biomolecule produced by L. jensenii P
. Emulsifying activities were stable after a 60-min incubation at 100 °C, at pH 2-10, and after the addition of potassium chloride and sodium bicarbonate, but not in the presence of sodium chloride. The biomolecules showed antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, with MIC values of 16 µg mL
, and against Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae at 128 µg mL
. The biosurfactants also disrupted preformed biofilms of microorganisms at varying concentrations, being more efficient against E. aerogenes (64%) (P
biosurfactant), and E. coli (46.4%) and S. saprophyticus (39%) (P
biosurfactant). Both strains of lactobacilli could also co-aggregate pathogens.
This report presents the first characterization of biosurfactants produced by L. jensenii P
and L. gasseri P
. The antimicrobial properties and stability of these biomolecules indicate their potential use as alternative antimicrobial agents in the medical field for applications against pathogens that are responsible for infections in the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts and the skin.
Lipid biomarkers fatty acids (FAs), sterols and alcohols and total organic carbon (TOC) were analyzed in 48 surface (0–2 cm) sediment samples collected twice (winter 2008/2009 and summer/2009) in two ...transects ranging from 25 to 3,000 m depths. This sampling array encompassed the major upwelling region in the southeastern Brazilian continental margin, where the river influence is probably minimal. The objectives were (1) to evaluate the sources, transport and major areas of organic matter (OM) accumulation in the continental margin and (2) to identify the fraction of OM that is potentially available to secondary benthic producers. As expected from the regional oceanographic characteristics, lipids derived from primary and secondary autochthonous producers (0.073–5.3 mg gTOC⁻¹) made the major fraction of the sedimentary OM, whereas lipids from allochthonous sources (0.043–0.40 mg gTOC⁻¹) and from bacteria (<0.01–0.43 mg gTOC⁻¹) were of relatively less importance. The accumulation of OM in the sediments was highly dependent on the coupling of physical (hydrodynamics) and biological (response to upwelling) factors. It was found that while some restricted areas in the shelf was a sink of labile OM, the export of this material to the upper and middle slope (400–1,000 m depths) can represent an important source of bioavailable OM to the deep sea benthic community.
This study aimed to verify the correlation between murine measurements and retroperitoneal adipose tissue in rats exposed to the high-fat diet. Material and methods: Wistar male adult rats, ...descendants of mothers who consumed a high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation and fed the same diet after weaning were used. At 60 days of life, body weight, longitudinal axis and waist circumference (WC) were measured. The Body Mass Index (BMI) and the Lee Index were calculated for a posterior analysis of the correlation with the amount of retroperitoneal adipose tissue dissected on the same day. For analysis of the data, the Pearson correlation test was used, considering statistical significance for p <0.05. Results: Body weight had a weak correlation (r= 0.31; p= 0.38) with retroperitoneal adipose tissue. While the longitudinal correlated moderately and negative (r= -0.40; p= 0.25). Abdominal circumference (r= 0.62; p= 0.05), body mass index (r= 0.61; p= 0.03) and Lee (r= 0.69; p= 0.03) correlated moderately and positively with adipose tissue. Conclusion: Among the measured murine measurements, weight and longitudinal axis were not good indicators to represent accumulation of retroperitoneal adipose tissue in rats. However, Lee's index seems to be the best murine marker to diagnose the accumulation of retroperitoneal fat. BMI, CA and Lee index were murine parameters with higher correlation.
Obesity during pregnancy is one of the most established risk factors for negative long-term programming. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of maternal consumption of a ...high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation on the weight gain, visceral adipose tissue and cholesterolemia in neonatal rats.
Wistar rats were divided into two groups according to the mother's diet during pregnancy and lactation: Control group (CG, n = 12) were the offspring of rats fed a standard diet (4% lipid) and the Test group (TG, n = 12) were pups rats fed on a high fat diet (23% lipid). The weight of the animals was measured on alternate days until the 22nd day of life, when collected visceral adipose tissue and blood were collected for biochemical analysis. For statistical analysis the Student t test, Sidak´s teste and two way ANOVA was used, with p <0.05.
the test group showed differences in weight gain, visceral adipose tissue and higher cholesterol.
a maternal exposure to a high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation can promote changes in weight gain, hypercholesterolemia and an increase in adipose tissue in neonatal rats.
Background
Citric acid (CA) has been suggested as an effective antimicrobial agent against biofilms formed on titanium. However, the antimicrobial effect of CA in biofilms formed in the oral ...environment and its effects on the physical properties of titanium surface remain unknown. Therefore, this study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of CA on in situ biofilm, whether this treatment favors the bacteria recolonization and its effect on the electrochemical properties of titanium.
Methods
In the in situ test, volunteers wore a palatal appliance containing titanium discs. After 7 days, the discs (N = 21) were exposed in vitro to the following treatments: immersion in 0.9% sodium chloride (control); 40% CA immersion; and 40% CA rubbing. Afterwards, these discs (N = 18) were exposed in vitro to new bacterial adhesion with Streptococcus sanguinis. New discs (N = 18) without biofilm were exposed to the treatments and subjected to electrochemical tests and surface characterization. Data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD test.
Results
The CA groups showed a significant reduction (≈ 5‐log reduction) in the biofilm formed in situ compared with the control group (p < 0.05), but no difference was found between CA application methods (p = 0.680). The acid treatment did not favor the recolonization of bacteria (p = 0.629). CA treatment did not influence the polarization resistance and capacitance of the oxide film, but statistically enhanced the electrochemical stability of titanium.
Conclusion
Citric acid appears to be an effective clinical alternative for treatment of the main etiologic factor in dental implant failure, biofilm formation, enhancing electrochemical behavior of titanium.
•The Hg flux was related to the relatively high silt–clay and organic carbon burial.•Atmospheric deposition is the main input of Hg to continental shelves.•Upwelling may be contributing to the Hg ...fluxes on the Cabo Frio continental shelf.
To investigate the upwelling influence on Hg biogeochemical cycles and the sedimentological changes during the previous ∼150years, four sediment box-cores were sampled along an inshore offshore transect on the Southeastern Brazilian continental shelf. Mercury values were found to be relatively low, with means ranging between 8.08 and 30.4ngg−1. Mercury fluxes along the sediment cores are directly related to the well documented historical regional activity and global atmospheric deposition. The narrow relationship between mercury and organic carbon suggest that upwelling phenomenon and primary production may play an important role on Hg input and distribution along continental shelf depositional settings.
Syphilis is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide and has shown a rising trend in recent years, according to a report published by the World Health Organization ...(WHO) in 2021. Given this problem, the present study aims to develop a scoping review of what has been done in the world after the publication of the global strategy for the elimination of STIs, with a specific focus on syphilis. Thus, we searched for papers on health policies in response to syphilis in Pubmed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and EBSCO by CINAHL, as well as in official documents from international health organizations. The period from January 1, 2016, to August 14, 2022 was considered. Our search returned 880 papers addressing "Syphilis," "Health Policy," and "Health Policies" combined. Twenty-three papers fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria according to two research questions set out for this scoping review. Our findings suggest that Brazil and Peru presented the greatest adequacy of the strategies provided by WHO in 2016 and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in 2017, aiming tothe goals set out in the UN's 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. Among the studies found, six countries (Cuba, Thailand, Belarus, Armenia, Moldova, and Puerto Rico) reported the elimination of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of syphilis, but the most recent data are from 2016. Furthermore, it is essential to mention that no country has been found that has presented a comprehensive response to syphilis, noting the control or elimination of the disease in all key populations. Thus, it is necessary to constantly monitor national policies based on in-depth studies on the quality of the response, the challenges, and the national, regional, and global perspectives for the control of the disease until 2030, the year in which the SDGs will be reviewed.
https://osf.io/x9er5/?view_only=0cc0062222ec45dcb2f4d41484d285b6, identifier: 10.17605/OSF.IO/X9ER5.
Implant-related infections at the early healing period are considered one of the main risk factors in implant failure. Designing coatings that control bacterial adhesion and have cell stimulatory ...behavior remains a challenging strategy for dental implants. Here, we used plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) to produce antimicrobial coatings on commercially pure titanium (cpTi) using bioactive elements (calcium and phosphorus) and different copper (Cu) sources: copper acetate (CuAc), copper sulfate (CuS), and copper oxide (CuO); coatings containing only Ca and P (CaP) served as controls. Cu sources drove differential physical and chemical surface features of PEO coatings, resulting in tailorable release kinetics with a sustained Cu ion release over 10 weeks. The antibacterial effects of Cu-containing coatings were roughness-dependent. CuAc coating exhibited optimal properties in terms of its hydrophilicity, pores density, and limited surface roughness, which provided the most robust antibacterial activity combined with appropriate responses of human primary stem cells and angiogenic cells. Our data indicate that Cu source selection largely determines the functionality of Cu-containing PEO coatings regarding their antibacterial efficacy and cytocompatibility.
The effects of onion and its by-products on metabolic changes induced by excessive consumption of a high fat diet have been the focus of many studies. The aim of this study was to systematically ...review the effects of onion and its by-products antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity in rats exposed to a high-fat diet. Five databases were used: Pubmed, EMBASE, Science Direct, Web of science and Scopus until June 2020 updated December 1, 2022. Research of the articles was carried out by two reviewers, searching and selecting studies after an initial reading of the titles and abstracts. In total, 2,448 papers were found and, after assessing against the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 papers were selected for this review. The findings of this review show the beneficial effects of onion and its by-products on inflammatory parameters, obesity, cardiovascular disease, thermogenesis and hepatic alterations generally associated with the consumption of a high-fat diet.
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