Understanding the causal pathways through which forest insect outbreaks are triggered is important for resource managers. However, detailed population dynamics studies are hard to conduct in ...low-density, pre-outbreak populations because the insects are difficult to sample in sufficient numbers. Using laboratory-raised larvae installed in the field across a 1,000 km east–west gradient in Québec (Canada) over an 11-yr period, we examined if parasitism and predation were likely to explain fluctuations in low-density spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana; SBW) populations. Parasitism rates by the two main larval parasitoid species, Elachertus cacoeciae and Tranosema rostrale, peaked during different years. This suggests that temporal fluctuations in overall parasitism were partly buffered by compensatory dynamics among parasitoid species. Still, spatial covariance analyses indicate that the residual interannual variation in parasitism rates was substantial and correlated over large distances (up to 700 km). On the other hand, interannual variation in predation rates was not spatially correlated. Piecewise structural equation models indicate that temporal variation in parasitism and predation does not influence temporal variation in wild SBW abundance. Spatially, however, SBWs installed in warmer locations tended to show higher parasitism rates, and these higher rates correlated with lower wild SBW population levels. Overall, the results indicate that large-scale drops in parasitism occur and could potentially contribute to SBW population increases. However, during the period covered by this study, other factors such as direct effects of weather on SBW larval development or indirect effects through host tree physiology or phenology were more likely to explain large-scale variation in wild SBW populations.
•Stand cover type and height explained changes in beta diversity better than age.•Stand characteristics were better than climate at predicting beta diversity.•Some stands within different age classes ...were similar in terms of tree diversity.•Forest age structure is likely not an indicator of overall ecosystem sustainability.•Complementary biodiversity indicators should be integrated in forest management.
Forest age structure is one of the main indicators of biodiversity in temperate and boreal forests worldwide. This indicator was mainly chosen for the conservation of a subset of rare or sensitive species related to the oldest age classes, not to capture variability across the entire biodiversity spectrum, but is often considered as such. In this study, we analysed alpha and beta diversity in temporary plots of western Quebec, Canada, to consider biodiversity indicators complementary to existing forest age structure targets. Our analysis revealed that considered individually, stand characteristics such as cover type and height are better predictors of changes in site-level contribution to tree beta diversity than age. We also show that plots belonging to different age classes can be similar in terms of tree alpha diversity. Height class was found to have a more significant impact on tree alpha diversity than expected: height was more important than age in coniferous forests, and in deciduous and mixedwood stands it frequently complemented age in explaining the observed diversity patterns. Our results suggest that forest age structure target levels should not be used as the sole indicator of ecosystem sustainability, and that some mature secondary stands can provide significant contributions to biodiversity. We propose that more efficient trade-offs between forest exploitation, ecosystem functioning and environmental conservation can be attained if: (i) forest age structure targets are complemented by cover type and stand height; or (ii) complementary biodiversity indicators of ecosystem sustainability are implemented.
Human activities, especially conversion and degradation of habitats, are causing global biodiversity declines. How local ecological assemblages are responding is less clear--a concern given their ...importance for many ecosystem functions and services. We analysed a terrestrial assemblage database of unprecedented geographic and taxonomic coverage to quantify local biodiversity responses to land use and related changes. Here we show that in the worst-affected habitats, these pressures reduce within-sample species richness by an average of 76.5%, total abundance by 39.5% and rarefaction-based richness by 40.3%. We estimate that, globally, these pressures have already slightly reduced average within-sample richness (by 13.6%), total abundance (10.7%) and rarefaction-based richness (8.1%), with changes showing marked spatial variation. Rapid further losses are predicted under a business-as-usual land-use scenario; within-sample richness is projected to fall by a further 3.4% globally by 2100, with losses concentrated in biodiverse but economically poor countries. Strong mitigation can deliver much more positive biodiversity changes (up to a 1.9% average increase) that are less strongly related to countries' socioeconomic status.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The development of efficient ecosystem resilience indicators was identified as one of the key research priorities in the improvement of existing sustainable forest management frameworks. Two ...indicators of tree diversity associated with ecosystem functioning have recently received particular attention in the literature: functional redundancy (FR) and response diversity (RD). We examined how these indicators could be used to predict post-logging productivity in forests of Québec, Canada. We analysed the relationships between pre-logging FR and RD, as measured with sample plots, and post-logging productivity, measured as seasonal variation in enhanced vegetation index obtained from MODIS satellite imagery. The effects of the deciduous and coniferous tree components in our pre-disturbance diversity assessments were isolated in order to examine the hypothesis that they have different impacts on post-disturbance productivity. We also examined the role of tree species richness and species identity effects. Our analysis revealed the complementary nature of traditional biodiversity indicators and trait-based approaches in the study of biodiversity–ecosystem-functioning relationships in dynamic ecosystems. We report a significant and positive relationship between pre-disturbance deciduous RD and post-disturbance productivity, as well as an unexpected significant negative effect of coniferous RD on productivity. This negative relationship with post-logging productivity likely results from slower coniferous regeneration speeds and from the relatively short temporal scale examined. Negative black-spruce-mediated identity effects were likely associated with increased stand vulnerability to paludification and invasion by ericaceous shrubs that slow down forest regeneration. Response diversity outperformed functional redundancy as a measure of post-disturbance productivity most likely due to the stand-replacing nature of the disturbance considered. To the best of our knowledge, this is among the first studies to report a negative significant relationship between a component of RD and ecosystem functioning, namely coniferous RD and forest ecosystem productivity after a stand-replacing disturbance.
Les attentes de la population en regard de l’aménagement forestier ont évolué graduellement lors des dernières décennies. Alors qu’il était historiquement surtout centré sur l’exploitation de la ...matière ligneuse, l’aménagement des forêts tend maintenant à valoriser de plus en plus la multiplicité des services fournis par la forêt. De plus, le développement de stratégies d’aménagement forestier adaptées aux changements climatiques et à l’augmentation de la fréquence d’extrêmes climatiques est devenu essentiel pour réduire la vulnérabilité des forêts. Une des principales avenues suggérées est l’utilisation, au sein des stratégies d’aménagement, d’indicateurs de biodiversité qui reflètent le fonctionnement de l’écosystème forestier et sa réponse aux perturbations. Cependant, nos connaissances sur ces relations complexes entre la diversité forestière, le fonctionnement de l’écosystème et sa réponse aux perturbations naturelles et anthropiques demeurent rudimentaires et se doivent d’être approfondies afin de développer des stratégies d’aménagement forestier plus efficaces. L’objectif de ma thèse était d’analyser le potentiel qu’offrent les indicateurs de diversité fonctionnelle des arbres pour un aménagement durable des forêts tempérées nordiques et boréales. Dans mon premier chapitre, j’ai analysé l’impact de l’âge, de la hauteur et du type de couvert sur plusieurs indicateurs de la biodiversité des arbres. Mes analyses démontrent que l’âge des peuplements, un des indicateurs de biodiversité les plus utilisés à une échelle globale, est incapable de capturer une partie importante de la variabilité de la diversité des peuplements forestiers et ne devrait pas être utilisé comme le seul indicateur de biodiversité dans l’aménagement de ces forêts. Dans le deuxième chapitre, j’ai analysé le rapport entre deux indicateurs de diversité fonctionnelle des arbres avant-coupe (la redondance fonctionnelle et la diversité des réponses), et la productivité après coupe du peuplement. Mes résultats mettent en évidence la valeur ajoutée de l’utilisation de la diversité des réponses lors de l’analyse de la productivité après coupe et suggèrent que celle-ci est un bon prédicteur de la productivité de l’écosystème après coupe. Dans le dernier chapitre, j’ai examiné la relation entre trois traits fonctionnels associés à la résistance et à la résilience des arbres à la sécheresse. Mes résultats suggèrent que dans ces forêts, le rapport du poids sec de la feuille à la surface foliaire et la valeur de pression du xylème conduisant à une perte de 50% de sa conductivité par cavitation, influencent la relation entre la sécheresse et la mortalité du peuplement, mais pas sa productivité. Cette thèse démontre l’importance de la relation entre la diversité fonctionnelle des arbres, la productivité du peuplement et la réponse des arbres et des peuplements aux perturbations partielles et totales. Les résultats contribuent à approfondir les connaissances scientifiques sur le lien entre la diversité fonctionnelle et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes, en plus de proposer des mesures d’aménagement forestier basés sur la diversité des arbres qui peuvent mener à une amélioration importante de la résistance et de la résilience des forêts aménagées aux perturbations.
Forest management objectives have slowly changed over the last few decades. While forest management used to focus mainly on wood production, forests are now expected to be managed for multiple ecosystem services. Traditional forest management strategies are also unsuitable to tackle the threats posed by climate change and by the increased frequency of climate extremes. The development of biodiversity indicators capable of predicting ecosystem response to disturbances has been identified as one of the key research priorities in the improvement of existing sustainable forest management frameworks. However, our understanding of these biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships and their response to disturbances needs to be improved if such indicators are to be developed. The objective of this thesis was to analyse the potential of tree functional diversity indicators in improving sustainable forest management of northern temperate and boreal forests. In my first chapter, I studied the impact of stand age, height and cover type on multiple tree biodiversity indicators. My analyses showed that stand age, one of the most widespread indicators of biodiversity, should not be used as the sole indicator of tree diversity in forest management because it inadequately represents a significant part of stand tree diversity. In my second chapter, I analysed the relationship between two indicators of pre-logging functional diversity (functional redundancy and response diversity), and post-logging stand productivity. My results revealed the importance of considering functional diversity in biodiversity-ecosystem functioning studies and showed that response diversity is significantly associated with post-logging productivity in these forests. In the last chapter, I examined the relationship between three functional traits associated with tree resistance and resilience to drought. My results showed that, in our study area, dry leaf mass per unit area and xylem pressure at which 50% of stem xylem conductivity is lost through cavitation significantly influence drought-induced tree mortality, but do not affect stand productivity response to drought. This thesis revealed the importance of the relationships between tree functional diversity, stand productivity and stand response to partial and severe disturbances. Besides improving our scientific understanding of the relationships between functional diversity and ecosystem functioning, these results allowed us to propose several tree-diversity based forest management strategies that should considerably improve stand resilience and resistance to disturbances.
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