Covalently modifying a protein has proven to be a powerful mechanism of functional regulation. N-epsilon acetylation of lysine residues was initially discovered on histones and has been studied ...extensively in the context of chromatin and DNA metabolism, such as transcription, replication and repair. However, recent research shows that acetylation is more widespread than initially thought and that it regulates various nuclear as well as cytoplasmic and mitochondrial processes. In this review, we present the multitude of non-histone proteins targeted by lysine acetyltransferases of the large and conserved MYST family, and known functional consequences of this acetylation. Substrates of MYST enzymes include factors involved in transcription, heterochromatin formation and cell cycle, DNA repair proteins, gluconeogenesis enzymes and finally subunits of MYST protein complexes themselves. Discovering novel substrates of MYST proteins is pivotal for the understanding of the diverse functions of these essential acetyltransferases in nuclear processes, signaling, stress response and metabolism.
Histone posttranslational modifications are key components of diverse processes that modulate chromatin structure. These marks function as signals during various chromatin-based events, and act as ...platforms for recruitment, assembly or retention of chromatin-associated factors. The best-known function of histone phosphorylation takes place during cellular response to DNA damage, when phosphorylated histone H2A(X) demarcates large chromatin domains around the site of DNA breakage. However, multiple studies have also shown that histone phosphorylation plays crucial roles in chromatin remodeling linked to other nuclear processes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of histone phosphorylation and describe the many kinases and phosphatases that regulate it. We discuss the key roles played by this histone mark in DNA repair, transcription and chromatin compaction during cell division and apoptosis. Additionally, we describe the intricate crosstalk that occurs between phosphorylation and other histone modifications and allows for sophisticated control over the chromatin remodeling processes.
Post-translational modifications of histones play essential roles in regulating chromatin structure and function. These are tightly regulated in vivo and there is an intricate cross-talk between ...different marks as they are recognized by specific reader modules present in a large number of nuclear factors. In order to precisely dissect these processes in vitro native reagents like purified chromatin and histone modifying/remodeling enzymes are required to more accurately reproduce physiological conditions. The vast majority of these enzymes need to be part of stable multiprotein complexes with cofactors enabling them to act on chromatin substrates and/or read specific histone marks. In the accompanying chapter, we have described the protocol for purification of native chromatin from yeast cells (Chapter 3 ). Here, we present the methods to obtain highly purified native chromatin modifying complexes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, based on Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP). We also present possible applications and useful functional assays that can be performed using these yeast native reagents.
The acetylation of the ε-amine of lysine residues has significant impacts on the cellular functions of proteins. Through the combination of unbiased and targeted analysis of acetylated proteins, ...biological insights on lysine acetylation are now routinely generated. To help in this endeavor, we describe detailed protocols for the identification of acetylated lysine residues and the preparation of multiple reagents for the characterization of these sites in order to obtain functional insights on this widespread modification.
Chromatin modifying complexes play important yet not fully defined roles in DNA repair processes. The essential NuA4 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complex is recruited to double-strand break (DSB) ...sites and spreads along with DNA end resection. As predicted, NuA4 acetylates surrounding nucleosomes upon DSB induction and defects in its activity correlate with altered DNA end resection and Rad51 recombinase recruitment. Importantly, we show that NuA4 is also recruited to the donor sequence during recombination along with increased H4 acetylation, indicating a direct role during strand invasion/D-loop formation after resection. We found that NuA4 cooperates locally with another HAT, the SAGA complex, during DSB repair as their combined action is essential for DNA end resection to occur. This cooperation of NuA4 and SAGA is required for recruitment of ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers, targeted acetylation of repair factors and homologous recombination. Our work reveals a multifaceted and conserved cooperation mechanism between acetyltransferase complexes to allow repair of DNA breaks by homologous recombination.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones provide a fine-tuned mechanism for regulating chromatin structure and dynamics. PTMs can alter direct interactions between histones and DNA and ...serve as docking sites for protein effectors, or readers, of these PTMs. Binding of the readers recruits or stabilizes various components of the nuclear signaling machinery at specific genomic sites, mediating fundamental DNA-templated processes, including gene transcription and DNA recombination, replication and repair. In this review, we highlight the latest advances in characterizing histone-binding mechanisms and identifying new epigenetic readers and summarize the functional significance of PTM recognition.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The many factors that control chromatin biology play key roles in essential nuclear functions like transcription, DNA damage response and repair, recombination, and replication and are critical for ...proper cell-cycle progression, stem cell renewal, differentiation, and development. These players belong to four broad classes: histone modifiers, chromatin remodelers, histone variants, and histone chaperones. A large number of studies have established the existence of an intricate functional crosstalk between the different factors, not only within a single class but also between different classes. In light of this, while many recent reviews have focused on structure and functions of histone chaperones, the current text highlights novel and striking links that have been established between these proteins and posttranslational modifications of histones and discusses the functional consequences of this crosstalk. These findings feed a current hot question of how cell memory may be maintained through epigenetic mechanisms involving histone chaperones.
The repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) occurs in chromatin, and several histone posttranslational modifications have been implicated in the process. Modifications of the histone H2A N-terminal ...tail have also been linked to DNA damage response, through acetylation or ubiquitination of lysine residues that regulate repair pathway choice. Here, we characterize a new DNA damage-induced phosphorylation on chromatin, at serine 15 of H2A in yeast. We show that this SQ motif functions independently of the classical S129 C-terminal site (γ-H2A) and that mutant-mimicking constitutive phosphorylation increases cell sensitivity to DNA damage. H2AS129ph is induced by Tel1
ATM
and Mec1
ATR
, and the loss of Lcd1
ATRIP
or Mec1 signaling decreases γ-H2A spreading distal to the DSB. In contrast, H2AS15ph is completely dependent on Lcd1
ATRIP
, indicating that this modification only happens when end resection is engaged. This is supported by an increase in replication protein A (RPA) and a decrease in DNA signal near the DSB in H2A-S15E phosphomimic mutants, indicating higher resection. In mammals, this serine is replaced by a lysine (H2AK15) which undergoes an acetyl-monoubiquityl switch to regulate binding of 53BP1 and resection. This regulation seems functionally conserved with budding yeast H2AS15 and 53BP1-homolog Rad9, using different posttranslational modifications between organisms but achieving the same function.
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