Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is one of the best researched fishes, and its aquaculture plays a global role in the blue revolution. However, since the 1970s, tens of millions of farmed salmon have ...escaped into the wild. We review current knowledge of genetic interactions and identify the unanswered questions. Native salmon populations are typically genetically distinct from each other and potentially locally adapted. Farmed salmon represent a limited number of wild source populations that have been exposed to ≥12 generations of domestication. Consequently, farmed and wild salmon differ in many traits including molecular‐genetic polymorphisms, growth, morphology, life history, behaviour, physiology and gene transcription. Field experiments have demonstrated that the offspring of farmed salmon display lower lifetime fitness in the wild than wild salmon and that following introgression, there is a reduced production of genetically wild salmon and, potentially, of total salmon production. It is a formidable task to estimate introgression of farmed salmon in wild populations where they are not exotic. New methods have revealed introgression in half of ~150 Norwegian populations, with point estimates as high as 47%, and an unweighted average of 6.4% across 109 populations. Outside Norway, introgression remains unquantified, and in all regions, biological changes and the mechanisms driving population‐specific impacts remain poorly documented. Nevertheless, existing knowledge shows that the long‐term consequences of introgression is expected to lead to changes in life‐history traits, reduced population productivity and decreased resilience to future challenges. Only a major reduction in the number of escapees and/or sterility of farmed salmon can eliminate further impacts.
Objectives
To review the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression in older people, together with factors associated with its efficacy.
Design
Online literature databases and ...registers were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of CBT for depression in older people. Random‐effects meta‐analysis and meta‐regression were conducted.
Setting
Studies involving participants from the community and inpatient and outpatient clinical settings were included in the meta‐analysis.
Participants
Older people with major or minor depression, dysthymia, or depressive symptoms.
Measurements
Evidence‐based outcome measures of depression.
Results
Four hundred eighty‐five studies were identified, of which 23 were included. At the end of the intervention, CBT was significantly more effective at reducing depressive symptoms (irrespective of whether rated by clinicians or participants) than treatment as usual (TAU) or being on a waiting list but not than active controls. The same pattern of results was found for 6‐month follow‐up. At all other time‐points, pooled effect sizes in favor of CBT were nonsignificant. Clinician‐rated outcome measures resulted in larger effect sizes in favor of CBT than self‐rated measures. No significant differences in efficacy were found between CBT and other treatment (pharmacotherapy and other psychotherapies). Meta‐regression analyses revealed four factors that predicted effect sizes for comparisons between CBT and control conditions, including whether concurrent pharmacotherapy was allowed.
Conclusion
CBT for depression in older people is more effective than waiting list or TAU, but greater efficacy than active controls or other treatment has not been demonstrated. More high‐quality RCTs comparing CBT with active controls need to be conducted before firm conclusions can be drawn about the efficacy of CBT for depression in older people. Other treatment approaches that could be contrasted with or augment CBT (e.g., pharmacotherapy) also need to be explored further.
Objectives
To review the magnitude and duration of and factors associated with effects of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders in older people.
Design
Electronic literature ...databases and the Cochrane Trials Registry were searched for articles. A systematic critical review, random‐effects meta‐analysis, and meta‐regression of randomized controlled trials were conducted.
Setting
Community outpatient clinics.
Participants
People with diagnoses of anxiety disorders.
Measurements
Outcome measures of anxiety and depression.
Results
Twelve studies were included. CBT was significantly more effective than treatment as usual or being on a waiting list at reducing anxiety symptoms at 0‐month follow‐up, with the effect size being moderate, but when CBT was compared with an active control condition, the between‐group difference in favor of CBT was not statistically significant, and the effect size was small. At 6‐ but not 3‐ or 12‐month follow‐up, CBT was significantly more effective at reducing anxiety symptoms than an active control condition, although the effect size was again small. Meta‐regression analyses revealed only one factor (type of control group) to be significantly associated with the magnitude of effect sizes.
Conclusion
The review confirms the effectiveness of CBT for anxiety disorders in older people but is suggestive of lower efficacy in older than working‐age people. The small effect sizes in favor of CBT over an active control condition illustrate the need to investigate other treatment approaches that may be used to substitute or augment CBT to increase the effectiveness of treatment of anxiety disorders in older people.
Understanding the habitat use patterns of migratory fish, such as Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), and the natural and anthropogenic impacts on them, is aided by the ability to identify individuals ...to their stock of origin. Presented here are the results of an analysis of informative single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers for detecting genetic structuring in Atlantic salmon in Scotland and NE England and their ability to allow accurate genetic stock identification. 3,787 fish from 147 sites covering 27 rivers were screened at 5,568 SNP markers. In order to identify a cost-effective subset of SNPs, they were ranked according to their ability to differentiate between fish from different rivers. A panel of 288 SNPs was used to examine both individual assignments and mixed stock fisheries and eighteen assignment units were defined. The results improved greatly on previously available methods and, for the first time, fish caught in the marine environment can be confidently assigned to geographically coherent units within Scotland and NE England, including individual rivers. As such, this SNP panel has the potential to aid understanding of the various influences acting upon Atlantic salmon on their marine migrations, be they natural environmental variations and/or anthropogenic impacts, such as mixed stock fisheries and interactions with marine power generation installations.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
QuestionAlexithymia has been found to be modifiable through treatment, with associated clinical benefits. Recent studies have begun to test the potential of mindfulness-based interventions to reduce ...alexithymia, using skills-based, group training to improve non-judgemental, present-moment awareness. The objective of this review therefore was to conduct a systematic synthesis to assess the current state of knowledge about the effect of mindfulness-based interventions on alexithymia to inform clinical practice.Study selection and analysisWe carried out a systematic review of the literature and found four randomised controlled trials of the effect of mindfulness-based interventions on alexithymia, with a combined total of 460 participants.FindingsA random-effects meta-analysis, combining study endpoint data, showed a statistically significant effect of mindfulness-based treatment on alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale) compared with the control group (mean difference=−5.28, 95% CI −9.28 to −1.28, p=0.010). Subgroup analysis was conducted to investigate sources of heterogeneity (I2=52%). Heterogeneity was reduced when the meta-analysis was restricted to interventions of a similar duration (3 months or less).ConclusionsFindings from our study should be replicated in further research with larger samples; however, the results indicate that mindfulness-based interventions may be an effective treatment in reducing alexithymia.
Predictor analyses of late-life depression can be used to identify variables associated with outcomes of treatments, and hence ways of tailoring specific treatments to patients. The aim of this ...review was to systematically identify, review and meta-analyse predictors of outcomes of any type of treatment for late-life depression.
Pubmed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science and PsycINFO were searched for studies published up to December 2016. Primary and secondary studies reported treatment predictors from randomised controlled trials of any treatment for patients with major depressive disorder aged over 60 were included. Treatment outcomes included response, remission and change in depression score.
Sixty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Of 65 identified statistically significant predictors, only 7 were reported in at least 3 studies. Of these, 5 were included in meta-analyses, and only 3 were statistically significant. Most studies were rated as being of moderate to strong quality and satisfied key quality criteria for predictor analyses.
The searches were limited to randomised controlled trials and most of the included studies were secondary analyses.
Baseline depression severity, co-morbid anxiety, executive dysfunction, current episode duration, early improvement, physical illnesses and age were reported as statistically significant predictors of treatment outcomes. Only the first three were significant in meta-analyses. Subgroup analyses showed differences in predictor effect between biological and psychosocial treatment. However, high heterogeneity and small study numbers suggest a cautious interpretation of results. These predictors were associated with various mechanisms including brain pathophysiology, perceived social support and proposed distinct types of depressive disorder. Further investigation of the clinical utility of these predictors is suggested.
•Older age and executive functioning impairment predicted poor outcome.•Presence of co-morbid anxiety and physical illnesses also predicted poor outcome.•Lower baseline depression severity, shorter episode duration and early improvement predicted good outcome.•Meta-analysis confirmed baseline depression, anxiety and TMT associated with outcome.•Subgroup analyses revealed treatment specific predictor, but with limitation.
Frailty is widely recognised as a distinct multifactorial clinical syndrome that implies vulnerability. The links between frailty and adverse outcomes such as death and institutionalisation have been ...widely evidenced. There is currently no gold standard frailty assessment tool; optimizing the assessment of frailty in older people therefore remains a research priority. The objective of this systematic review is to identify existing multi-component frailty assessment tools that were specifically developed to assess frailty in adults aged ≥60 years old and to systematically and critically evaluate the reliability and validity of these tools.
A systematic literature review was conducted using the standardised COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist to assess the methodological quality of included studies.
Five thousand sixty-three studies were identified in total: 73 of which were included for review. 38 multi-component frailty assessment tools were identified: Reliability and validity data were available for 21 % (8/38) of tools. Only 5 % (2/38) of the frailty assessment tools had evidence of reliability and validity that was within statistically significant parameters and of fair-excellent methodological quality (the Frailty Index-Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment FI-CGA and the Tilburg Frailty Indicator TFI).
The TFI has the most robust evidence of reliability and validity and has been the most extensively examined in terms of psychometric properties. However, there is insufficient evidence at present to determine the best tool for use in research and clinical practice. Further in-depth evaluation of the psychometric properties of these tools is required before they can fulfil the criteria for a gold standard assessment tool.
The use of benzodiazepines has been advised against in older people, but prevalence rates remain high.
To review the evidence for interventions aimed at reducing benzodiazepine use in older people.
...We conducted a systematic review, assessment of risk of bias and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials of benzodiazepine withdrawal and prescribing interventions.
Ten withdrawal and eight prescribing studies met the inclusion criteria. At post-intervention, significantly higher odds of not using benzodiazepines were found with supervised withdrawal with psychotherapy (odds ratio (OR) = 5.06, 95% CI 2.68-9.57, P<0.00001) and withdrawal with prescribing interventions (OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.02-2.02, P = 0.04) in comparison with the control interventions treatment as usual (TAU), education placebo, withdrawal with or without drug placebo, or psychotherapy alone. Significantly higher odds of not using benzodiazepines were also found for multifaceted prescribing interventions (OR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.10-1.72, P = 0.006) in comparison with control interventions (TAU and prescribing placebo).
Supervised benzodiazepine withdrawal augmented with psychotherapy should be considered in older people, although pragmatic reasons may necessitate consideration of other strategies such as medication review.
Concerns about problematic gaming behaviors deserve our full attention. However, we claim that it is far from clear that these problems can or should be attributed to a new disorder. The empirical ...basis for a Gaming Disorder proposal, such as in the new ICD-11, suffers from fundamental issues. Our main concerns are the low quality of the research base, the fact that the current operationalization leans too heavily on substance use and gambling criteria, and the lack of consensus on symptomatology and assessment of problematic gaming. The act of formalizing this disorder, even as a proposal, has negative medical, scientific, public-health, societal, and human rights fallout that should be considered. Of particular concern are moral panics around the harm of video gaming. They might result in premature application of diagnosis in the medical community and the treatment of abundant false-positive cases, especially for children and adolescents. Second, research will be locked into a confirmatory approach, rather than an exploration of the boundaries of normal versus pathological. Third, the healthy majority of gamers will be affected negatively. We expect that the premature inclusion of Gaming Disorder as a diagnosis in ICD-11 will cause significant stigma to the millions of children who play video games as a part of a normal, healthy life.
Man's impacts on global ecosystems are increasing and there is a growing demand that these activities be appropriately monitored. Monitoring requires measurement of a response metric (‘signal’) that ...changes maximally and consistently in response to the monitored activity irrespective of other factors (‘noise’), thus maximising the signal-to-noise ratio. Indices derived from time-consuming morphology-based taxonomic identification of organisms are a core part of many monitoring programmes. Metabarcoding is an alternative to morphology-based identification and involves the sequencing of short fragments of DNA (‘markers’) from multiple taxa simultaneously. DNA suitable for metabarcoding includes that extracted from environmental samples (eDNA). Metabarcoding outputs DNA sequences that can be identified (annotated) by matching them against archived annotated sequences. However, sequences from most organisms are not archived - preventing annotation and potentially limiting metabarcoding in monitoring applications. Consequently, there is growing interest in using unannotated sequences as response metrics in monitoring programmes.
We compared the sequences from three commonly used markers (16S (V3/V4 regions), 18S (V1/V2 regions) and COI) and, sampling along steep impact gradients, showed that the 16S and COI sequences were associated with the largest and smallest signal-to-noise ratio respectively. We trialled four separate, intuitive, noise-reduction approaches and demonstrated that removing less frequent sequences improved the signal-to-noise ratio, partitioning an additional 25 % from noise to explanatory factors in non-parametric ANOVA (NPA) and reducing dispersion in the data. For the 16S marker, retaining only the most frequently observed sequence, per sample, resulting in nine sequences across 150 samples, generated a near-maximal signal-to-noise ratio (95 % of the variance explained in NPA). We recommend that NPA, combined with rigorous elimination of less frequent sequences, be used to pre-filter sequences/taxa being used in monitoring applications. Our approach will simplify downstream analysis, for example the identification of key taxa and functional associations.
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•Understanding and minimising impacts arising from human activities requires cost-effective monitoring•Environmental-DNA (eDNA) based monitoring offers considerable potential for reducing per sample monitoring costs.•Optimal monitoring methodologies maximise the impact-related change (‘signal’) compared to unrelated change (‘noise’) in the response metric•On an organic enrichment impact gradient, the signal-to-noise ratio was optimised by targeting procaryotic eDNA and retaining 10 – 100 sequences•Eliminating less-frequent sequences will help develop robust, consistent, and explicable eDNA-based environmental monitoring
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