The indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs has increased the spectrum of exposure of these organisms. In our studies, these phenolic compounds were evaluated: gallic acid, caffeic acid and ...pyrogallol. The antibacterial, antifungal and modulatory of antibiotic activities of these compounds were assayed using microdilution method of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to bacteria and Minimum Fungicide Concentration (MFC) to fungi. The modulation was made by comparisons of the MIC and MFC of the compounds alone and combined with drugs against bacteria and fungi respectively, using a sub-inhibitory concentration of 128 μg/mL of substances (MIC/8). All substances not demonstrated clinically relevant antibacterial activity with a MIC above ≥1024 μg/mL. As a result, we observed that the caffeic acid presented a potentiating antibacterial effect over the 3 groups of bacteria studied. Pyrogallol showed a synergistic effect with two of the antibiotics tested, but only against Staphylococcus aureus. In general, caffeic acid was the substance that presented with the greatest number of antibiotics and with the greatest number of bacteria. In relation to the antifungal activity of all the compounds, the verified results were ≥1024 μg/mL, not demonstrating significant activity. Regarding potentiation of the effect of fluconazole, was observed synergistic effect only when assayed against Candida tropicalis, with all substances. Therefore, as can be seen, the compounds presented as substances that can be promising potentiating agents of antimicrobial drugs, even though they do not have direct antibacterial and antifungal action.
•The pyrogallol reduces the concentration necessary to kill all population of Candida albicans.•All substances reduced the concentration necessary to kill all population of Candida tropicalis.•The caffeic acid potentiated the antibiotic activity against all bacterial strains.•The pyrogallol and gallic acid potentiated the antibiotic activity only against Staphylococcus aureus.
Phytol is a diterpene constituent of chlorophyll and has been shown to have several pharmacological properties, particularly in relation to the management of painful inflammatory diseases. Arthritis ...is one of the most common of these inflammatory diseases, mainly affecting the synovial membrane, cartilage, and bone in joints. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, and the NFκB signaling pathway play a pivotal role in arthritis. However, as the mechanisms of action of phytol and its ability to reduce the levels of these cytokines are poorly understood, we decided to investigate its pharmacological effects using a mouse model of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis. Our results showed that phytol was able to inhibit joint swelling and hyperalgesia throughout the whole treatment period. Moreover, phytol reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and proinflammatory cytokine release in synovial fluid and decreased IL-6 production as well as the COX-2 immunocontent in the spinal cord. It also downregulated the p38MAPK and NFκB signaling pathways. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that phytol can be an innovative antiarthritic agent due to its capacity to attenuate inflammatory reactions in joints and the spinal cord, mainly through the modulation of mediators that are key to the establishment of arthritic pain.
Magnolin is a naturally occurring, multi-bioactive lignan molecule with inherent anticancer effects. This study aims to summarize the botanical origins and anticancer properties of magnolin. For ...this, a recent (as of March 2023) literature review was conducted using various academic search engines, including PubMed, Springer Link, Wiley Online, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. All the currently available information about this phytochemical and its role in various cancer types has been gathered and investigated. Magnolin is a compound found in many different plants. It has been demonstrated to have anticancer activity in numerous experimental models by inhibiting the cell cycle (G1 and G2/M phase); inducing apoptosis; and causing antiinvasion, antimetastasis, and antiproliferative effects via the modulation of several pathways. In conclusion, magnolin showed robust anticancer activity against many cancer cell lines by altering several cancer signaling pathways in various non- and pre-clinical experimental models, making it a promising plant-derived chemotherapeutic option for further clinical research.
The gut microbiome, a crucial component of the human system, is a diverse collection of microbes that belong to the gut of human beings as well as other animals. These microbial communities continue ...to coexist harmoniously with their host organisms and perform various functions that affect the host's general health. Each person's gut microbiota has a unique makeup. The gut microbiota is well acknowledged to have a part in the local as well as systemic inflammation that underlies a number of inflammatory disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and inflammatory bowel disease).The gut microbiota's metabolic products, such as short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, propionate, and acetate) inhibit inflammation by preventing immune system cells like macrophages and neutrophils from producing pro-inflammatory factors, which are triggered by the structural elements of bacteria (like lipopolysaccharide). The review's primary goal is to provide comprehensive and compiled data regarding the contribution of gut microbiota to inflammation and the associated signalling pathways.
•The microbiome components might trigger inflammation with ILCs and other cytokines.•Short-chain fatty acids of bacterial metabolism may suppress the inflammation.•Address the connection between gut microbiota may lead to new therapeutic approaches.
Plants belonging to the genus Taraxacum have been used in traditional healthcare to treat infectious diseases including food‐borne infections. This review aims to summarize the available information ...on Taraxacum spp., focusing on plant cultivation, ethnomedicinal uses, bioactive phytochemicals, and antimicrobial properties. Phytochemicals present in Taraxacum spp. include sesquiterpene lactones, such as taraxacin, mongolicumin B, and taraxinic acid derivatives; triterpenoids, such as taraxasterol, taraxerol, and officinatrione; and phenolic derivatives, such as hydroxycinnamic acids (chlorogenic, chicoric, and caffeoyltartaric acids), coumarins (aesculin and cichoriin), lignans (mongolicumin A), and taraxacosides. Aqueous and organic extracts of different plant parts exhibit promising in vitro antimicrobial activity relevant for controlling fungi and Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. Therefore, this genus represents a potential source of bioactive phytochemicals with broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity. However, so far, preclinical evidence for these activities has not been fully substantiated by clinical studies. Indeed, clinical evidence for the activity of Taraxacum bioactive compounds is still scant, at least for infectious diseases, and there is limited information on oral bioavailability, pharmacological activities, and safety of Taraxacum products in humans, though their traditional uses would suggest that these plants are safe.
A growing demand exists for nutraceuticals, which seem to reside in the grey area between pharmaceuticals and food. Nutraceuticals, up today, do not have a specific definition distinct from those of ...other food-derived categories, e.g., food supplements, herbal products, functional foods, and fortified foods. They have, however, a pharmacological beneficial effect on health. Many studies have been recently addressed to assess their safety, efficacy, and regulation. The object of writing this review article is that we need to pay more attention to natural and organic foods. The bases of nutraceutical components (food supplements) are known for potent and powerful clinical evidence effects on the treatment of hypertension and type 2 diabetes.
The study demonstrates that
S. gossypiphora
contain number of secondary metabolites such as steroids, tannins, flavonoids, phenolics, carbohydrates, saponins, and amino acids. Methanolic extract ...(MESG) of the plant contained highest quantity of phenolics, flavonoids and has greater antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity in comparison to other extracts. Moreover, acute toxicity studies revealed that none of the extracts produced any toxic symptoms and mortality when administered orally to mice at a dose of 2000 mg/kg b. w. Furthermore, in MESG, the SG-4 fraction exhibited the highest antibacterial activity than other isolated fractions against all tested bacterial strains in a dose-dependent manner. SG-4 fraction showed significant anti-inflammatory effect (60.91%) as evident by maximum inhibition of Carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rat model. The HPTLC analysis confirmed the presence of apigenin and luteolin in the SG-4 fraction of methanolic extract. A noticeable number of mineral elements were also found to be present in
S. gossypiphora.
Conclusively, our study reveals that
Saussurea gossypiphora
contains plethora of bioactive compounds that contributes to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity. Apigenin and luteolin possibly being one of them. Besides, the presence of ample minerals hints is utilisation as nutritionally valuable herb.
During the early periods of antibiotic usage, bacterial infections were considered tamed. However, widespread antibiotic use has promoted the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, including ...multidrug resistant strains. Active efflux is a mechanism for bacterial resistance to inhibitory substances, known simply as drug efflux pumps. The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogenic bacterium responsible for an array of infections. The NorA efflux pump has been shown to be responsible for moderate fluoroquinolone resistance of S. aureus. The inhibition of the efflux pump was assayed using a sub-inhibitory concentration of standard efflux pump inhibitors and tannic acid (MIC/8), where its capacity to decrease the MIC of Ethidium bromide (EtBr) and antibiotics due to the possible inhibitory effect of these substances was observed. The MICs of EtBr and antibiotics were significantly reduced in the presence of tannic acid, indicating the inhibitory effect of this agent against the efflux pumps of both strains causing a three-fold reduction of the MIC when compared with the control. These results indicate the possible usage of tannic acid as an adjuvant in antibiotic therapy against multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR).
•The tannic acid had a synergistic effect when associated with the antibiotics.•The tannic acid had a similar effect than other eflux pump inhibitors.•The tannic acid can be classified as an efflux pump inhibitor.
•Gallic acid and caffeic acid cause a reversal of the resistance phenotype.•Caffeic acid effectively inhibited the MrsA and NorA pumps.•This inhibition is supported by in vitro and in silico model.
...Staphylococcus aureus has been reported as one of the most difficult to treat. In the search for new treatment alternatives, isolated plant substances such as phenolic compounds, have demonstrated the ability to reverse bacterial resistance. The present study aims to evaluate the inhibitory action of caffeic acid and gallic acid on efflux pumps from S. aureus resistant strains. The broth microdilution assay was carried out to obtain the MICs of caffeic acid and gallic acid while the efflux pump inhibition test was assessed through the reduction of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic and ethidium bromide. In addition, in silico theoretical parameters were analyzed to determine the theoretical efficacy of the compound and its free energy of interaction. In the results, the inhibition concentration of the two compounds did not certify clinical relevance with 1024 μg/mL for all strains. In the efflux pump inhibition effect, caffeic acid inhibited the MrsA pumps of the strain RN-4220 and NorA of the strain 1199B. Caffeic acid showed greater efficacy in the docking model, in agreement with the demonstrated experimental efficacy. Isolated compounds can be indicated as efficient options in the inhibition of resistance mechanisms.
