In Bali in the Early Nineteenth Century Helen Creese offers an account of the earliest Dutch-Balinese encounter together with an edition of the first ethnography of the island, Pierre Dubois' Légère ...Idée de Balie en 1830/Sketch of Bali in 1830.
Recent understandings of indigenous leadership and governance have reframed earlier dualistic depictions of precolonial Balinese governance in terms of despotic kingship on the one hand and ...autonomous village society on the other. This article draws on indigenous literary, legal and political texts in conversation with contemporaneous nineteenth-century Western depictions of the island to re-examine notions of premodern Balinese citizenship. Political, social and ritual practices that bound together ruler and ruled in a shared community enabled a level of participation in rule by the ruled and acted as a curb on excessive arbitrary justice. A number of social and political institutions suggest nascent forms of modern citizenship. They include a representative voice at the village level, written laws and formal legal processes, the right to petition and the right of dissatisfied followers to move away and seek the protection of a neighbouring lord, a system known as matilas.
This article explores the legal status of widows and divorced women (janda) in Bali during the transition to Dutch colonial rule at the turn of the 20th century. It examines the Balinese law codes ...and their application in adat (traditional) courts to consider the ways in which widows and divorcees were able to claim recognition of their economic and social rights. At that time, the Dutch established the adat law system that provided separate civil laws and courts for each ethnic group in the Netherlands Indies. Balinese traditional law codes devote considerable attention to the regulation of female sexuality both within marriage and following separation or the death of a spouse, particularly in relation to rights to property and inheritance. However, they have little to say about the dissolution of marriage. Following the imposition of Dutch colonial rule, the pre-existing Balinese traditional law codes and legal norms continued to underpin the legal process administered through the colonial customary courts but were brought into alignment with modern legal practices. The colonial administration in Bali set out systematically to provide access to the legal process for women. A number of legal cases involving widows and divorcees based on adat law precedents were recorded in the Dutch compilations of adat law cases (Adatrechtbundels). These cases relate principally to disputes between widows and the families of their former partners and indicate that the legal status of Balinese widows and divorcees was formally recognised.
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The Old Javanese Rāmāyaṇa Kakawin, the earliest known Javanese literary work, is based on the sixth-century Sanskrit Bhaṭṭikāvya. It is an outcome of a careful and thorough project of translation and ...adaptation that took place at a formative moment in the cultural exchange between South and Southeast Asia. In this essay we explore what it was that the Javanese poets set out to capture when they rendered the Bhaṭṭikāvya into Old Javanese, what sort of knowledge and protocols informed their work, in what way the outcome was different from the original, and what the Old Javanese Rāmāyaṇa can teach us about Bhaṭṭi's poem and the nascent poetics of kakawin literature. In particular, we show how Sanskrit figures of speech, or ornaments (alaṃkāra) were understood, commented upon, expanded, and reconfigured. A close look at these texts allows us insights into this remarkable moment of cultural exchange.
The Kakawin Ramayana, arguably the oldest Old Javanese epic text in Indic metres (circa 9th century AD), holds a unique position in the literary heritage of Indonesia. The poem has retained a ...remarkable vitality through the centuries in the Archipelago, inspiring many forms of artistic expression not only in the domain of literature but also in the visual and performing arts, from the reliefs of the majestic Central Javanese temples to modern puppet-show performances.
Displaying a virtuoso array of metrical patterns, the Kakawin Ramayana is among the very few Old Javanese texts for which a specific Sanskrit prototype has been identified, namely the difficult poem Bhattikavya (circa 7th century AD), itself a version of the great Ramayana epic ascribed to Valmiki (circa 6th–1st century BC). The Old Javanese poem is an original and skillful work of re-elaboration that documents a fascinating interaction between cultural elements of the Sanskritic tradition with those indigenous to the Javanese setting.
The studies included in this volume, written by experts in a wide range of disciplines, focus on disparate aspects of the Kakawin Ramayana and the constellation of cultural phenomena revolving around it, providing the reader with a key to the understanding of the rich Old Javanese textual heritage and the transcultural intellectual dynamics that contributed to shaping the cultural heritage of Indonesia up to the present.
With contributions from Andrea Acri, Helen Creese, Arlo Griffiths, Thomas Hunter, Roy Jordaan, Lydia Kieven, Cecelia Levin, Wesley Michel, Stuart Robson and Adrian Vickers, this book is the result of a workshop held at the KITLV branch in Jakarta on May 26th–28th 2009 and supported by the Australia-Netherlands Research Collaboration, the École Française d’Extrême-Orient, and the Stichting J. Gonda Fonds.
Law codes with their origins in Indic-influenced Old Javanese systems of knowledge comprise an important genre in the Balinese textual record. Written in Kawi—a term encompassing Old Javanese, Middle ...Javanese and High Balinese—the legal corpus forms a complex and overlapping web of indigenous legal texts and traditions that encompass the codification and administration of civil and criminal justice as well as concepts of morality and right conduct. The most significant codes include the Adhigama, Kuṭāramānawa, Pūrwādhigama, Sārasamuccaya, Swarajambu, Dewāgama (also called Krĕtopapati) and Dewadanda. Each of these law codes belongs to a shared tradition of legal thought and practice that is linked to Sanskrit Mānavadharmaśāstra traditions. Manu’s code, most notably the aṣṭadaśawyawahāra section detailing the eighteen grounds for litigation, was adopted as the model of legal textual principle in the early stages of contact between ancient India and the Indonesian archipelago. Over the course of many centuries, this model informed legal and juridical practice and was adapted and modified to suit indigenous needs. The law codes remained in use in Java until the advent of Islam towards the end of the fifteenth century, and in Bali until the colonial period in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Balinese legal textual corpus comprises dozens of interrelated manuscripts, some complete and some fragmentary. They provide significant insights in to pre-colonial judicial practices and forms of government. This article provides a survey of the corpus of legal texts and explores the nature of law in pre-colonial Bali.
Law codes with their origins in Indic-influenced Old Javanese systems of knowledge comprise an important genre in the Balinese textual record. Written in Kawi – a term encompassing Old Javanese, ...Middle Javanese and High Balinese – the legal corpus forms a complex and overlapping web of indigenous legal texts and traditions that encompass the codification and administration of civil and criminal justice as well as concepts of morality and right conduct. The most significant codes include the Adhigama, Kuṭāramānawa, Pūrwādhigama, Sārasamuccaya, Swarajambu, Dewāgama (also called Krĕtopapati) and Dewadanda. Each of these law codes belongs to a shared tradition of legal thought and practice that is linked to Sanskrit Mānavadharmaśāstra traditions. Manu’s code, most notably the aṣṭadaśawyawahāra section detailing the eighteen grounds for litigation, was adopted as the model of legal textual principle in the early stages of contact between ancient India and the Indonesian archipelago. Over the course of many centuries, this model informed legal and juridical practice and was adapted and modified to suit indigenous needs. The law codes remained in use in Java until the advent of Islam towards the end of the fifteenth century, and in Bali until the colonial period in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Balinese legal textual corpus comprises dozens of interrelated manuscripts, some complete and some fragmentary. They provide significant insights in to pre-colonial judicial practices and forms of government. This article provides a survey of the corpus of legal texts and explores the nature of law in pre-colonial Bali.
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