Introduction
Despite the availability of sophisticated devices and suitable recommendations on how to best perform insulin injections, lipohypertrophy (LH) and bruising (BR) frequently occur as a ...consequence of improper injection technique.
Aim
The purpose of this nationwide survey was to check literature-reported LH risk factors or consequences for any association with BR
Method
This was a cross-sectional, observational, multicenter study based on the identification of skin lesions at all patient-reported insulin injection sites in 790 subjects with diabetes. General and injection habit-related elements were investigated as possible BR risk factors.
Results
While confirming the close relationship existing between LH and a full series of factors including missed injection site rotation, needle reuse, long-standing insulin treatment, frequent hypoglycemic events (hypos), and great glycemic variability (GV), the observed data could find no such association with BR, which anyhow came with high HbA1c levels, missed injection site rotation, and long-standing insulin treatment.
Conclusion
BR most likely depends on the patient’s habit of pressing the injection pen hard onto the skin. Despite being worrisome and affecting quality of life, BR seems to represent a preliminary stage of LH but does not affect the rate of hypos and GV.
Trial Registration
207/19.09.2017
Aim: A virtual test bench is set for the evaluation of the fluid mechanics performance of new dual lumen catheters for hemodyalisis, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Methods: Eight different ...catheter designs were evaluated. The risk for thrombogenic events was evaluated in terms of shear-induced activation of platelets, quantified by a Lagrangian-based model of blood damage (Platelet Activation State, PAS). Convection-diffusion equation was solved to quantify the detrimental recirculation of dialyzed blood from the venous to the arterial lumen. The effect of central tip and side holes geometry/position on thrombogenic fluid structures was evaluated. Results: The analysis of flow separation regions generated by catheters holes and of the shear-induced platelet activation in both lumens and in direct and inverted configuration allowed to identify critical features in catheters design and to rank their performance. Among the main findings: (1) the presence of geometric asymmetry reduces the risk of thrombus formation, with number, position and dimension of side holes playing a major role; (2) PAS is higher in the venous lumen, and in the inverted configuration; (3) recirculation is negligible in all models. In conclusion, this comprehensive comparison allowed to select an appropriate design for the device, highlighting the benefits of side hole number and their geometric asymmetry in catheter performance. The output of the study is an asymmetric catheter design suitable for pre-market prototype testing.
An experiment based on males from 20 llama and 40 alpaca reared in Peru evaluated the carcass characteristics from animals slaughtered at 25 months of age, at a final body weight of 46.1
kg for ...alpaca and 63.2
kg for llama. Warm carcass weight was significantly higher in llama carcasses compared with alpaca, while dressing percentage was higher in alpacas. In the llama carcasses, leg, thorax and chops were heavier compared with the same cuts taken from the alpaca carcasses (
P
<
0.05). In contrast, the shoulder and neck were proportionately heavier in the alpaca compared with the llama carcasses. Full digestive tract was the heaviest component found in the carcasses. In the llama carcasses, both full digestive tract and digestive content were significantly heavier than in the alpaca carcasses. Significant differences were observed in the proportion of muscle and bone in the shoulder and in the leg of the llama and alpaca carcasses. Llama and alpaca slaughtered at similar age showed different carcass characteristics; considering the results of this study, llama can be more easily bred as animal for meat production.
The larger number of models of asteroid shapes and their rotational states derived by the lightcurve inversion give us better insight into both the nature of individual objects and the whole asteroid ...population. With a larger statistical sample we can study the physical properties of asteroid populations, such as main-belt asteroids or individual asteroid families, in more detail. Shape models can also be used in combination with other types of observational data (IR, adaptive optics images, stellar occultations), e.g., to determine sizes and thermal properties. We use all available photometric data of asteroids to derive their physical models by the lightcurve inversion method and compare the observed pole latitude distributions of all asteroids with known convex shape models with the simulated pole latitude distributions. We used classical dense photometric lightcurves from several sources and sparse-in-time photometry from the U.S. Naval Observatory in Flagstaff, Catalina Sky Survey, and La Palma surveys (IAU codes 689, 703, 950) in the lightcurve inversion method to determine asteroid convex models and their rotational states. We also extended a simple dynamical model for the spin evolution of asteroids used in our previous paper. We present 119 new asteroid models derived from combined dense and sparse-in-time photometry. We discuss the reliability of asteroid shape models derived only from Catalina Sky Survey data (IAU code 703) and present 20 such models. By using different values for a scaling parameter cYORP (corresponds to the magnitude of the YORP momentum) in the dynamical model for the spin evolution and by comparing synthetics and observed pole-latitude distributions, we were able to constrain the typical values of the cYORP parameter as between 0.05 and 0.6.
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