Abstract BACKGROUND: The association between HIV and emphysema remains incompletely understood. We sought to determine whether HIV is an independent risk factor for emphysema severity and whether ...markers of HIV severity and systemic biomarkers of inflammation (IL-6), altered coagulation (D-dimer), and immune activation (soluble CD14) are associated with emphysema. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 114 participants with HIV infection and 89 participants without HIV infection in the Examinations of HIV-Associated Lung Emphysema (EXHALE) study. Participants underwent chest CT imaging with blinded semiquantitative interpretation of emphysema severity, distribution, and type. We generated multivariable logistic regression models to determine the risk of HIV for radiographic emphysema, defined as > 10% lung involvement. Similar analyses examined associations of plasma biomarkers, HIV RNA, and recent and nadir CD4 cell counts with emphysema among participants with HIV infection. RESULTS: Participants with HIV infection had greater radiographic emphysema severity with increased lower lung zone and diffuse involvement. HIV was associated with significantly increased risk for > 10% emphysema in analyses adjusted for cigarette smoking pack-years (OR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.12-4.48). In multivariable analyses restricted to participants with HIV infection, nadir CD4 < 200 cells/μL (OR, 2.98; 95% CI, 1.14-7.81), and high soluble CD14 level (upper 25th percentile) (OR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.04-6.22) were associated with increased risk of > 10% emphysema. IL-6 and D-dimer were not associated with emphysema in HIV. CONCLUSIONS: HIV is an independent risk factor for radiographic emphysema. Emphysema severity was significantly greater among participants with HIV infection. Among those with HIV, nadir CD4 < 200 cells/μL and elevated soluble CD14 level were associated with emphysema, highlighting potential mechanisms linking HIV with emphysema.
OBJECTIVE:With combination-antiretroviral therapy, HIV-infected individuals live longer with an elevated burden of cancer. Given the high prevalence of smoking among HIV-infected populations, we ...examined the risk of incident cancers attributable to ever smoking cigarettes.
DESIGN:Observational cohort of HIV-infected participants with 270 136 person-years of follow-up in the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design consortium. Among 52 441 participants, 2306 were diagnosed with cancer during 2000–2015.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Estimated hazard ratios and population-attributable fractions (PAF) associated with ever cigarette smoking for all cancers combined, smoking-related cancers, and cancers that were not attributed to smoking.
RESULTS:People with cancer were more frequently ever smokers (79%) compared with people without cancer (73%). Adjusting for demographic and clinical factors, cigarette smoking was associated with increased risk of cancer overall hazard ratios = 1.33 (95% confidence interval1.18–1.49); smoking-related cancers hazard ratios = 2.31 (1.80–2.98); lung cancer hazard ratios = 17.80 (5.60–56.63); but not nonsmoking-related cancers hazard ratios = 1.12 (0.98–1.28). Adjusted PAFs associated with ever cigarette smoking were as followsall cancers combined, PAF = 19% (95% confidence interval13–25%); smoking-related cancers, PAF = 50% (39–59%); lung cancer, PAF = 94% (82–98%); and nonsmoking-related cancers, PAF = 9% (1–16%).
CONCLUSION:Among HIV-infected persons, approximately one-fifth of all incident cancer, including half of smoking-related cancer, and 94% of lung cancer diagnoses could potentially be prevented by eliminating cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking could contribute to some cancers that were classified as nonsmoking-related cancers in this report. Enhanced smoking cessation efforts targeted to HIV-infected individuals are needed.
Limited data prior to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) suggested the possibility of an increased risk of COPD among those persons with HIV infection. We sought to determine whether HIV ...infection is associated with increased prevalence of COPD in the era of HAART.
Prospective observational study of 1,014 HIV-positive and 713 HIV-negative men who were enrolled in the Veterans Aging Cohort 5 Site Study. COPD was determined by patient self-report and International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision (ICD-9), diagnostic codes. Cigarette smoking and injection drug use (IDU) were determined by self-report, and alcohol abuse was determined by ICD-9 diagnostic codes. Laboratory and pharmacy data were obtained from electronic medical records.
The prevalence of COPD as determined by ICD-9 codes was 10% in HIV-positive subjects and 9% in HIV-negative subjects (p = 0.4), and as determined by patient self-report was 15% and 12%, respectively (p = 0.04). After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, pack-years of smoking, IDU, and alcohol abuse, HIV infection was an independent risk factor for COPD. HIV-infected subjects were approximately 50 to 60% more likely to have COPD than HIV-negative subjects (by ICD-9 codes: odds ratio OR, 1.47; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.01 to 2.13; p = 0.04 ; by patient self-report: OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.18; p = 0.005).
HIV infection was an independent risk factor for COPD, when determined either by ICD-9 codes or patient self-report. Health-care providers should be aware of the increased likelihood of COPD among their HIV-positive patients. The possibility that HIV infection increases susceptibility to and/or accelerates COPD deserves further investigation and has implications regarding the pathogenesis of COPD.
The natural history of lung function in patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant is poorly characterized. Understanding the trajectory of ...lung function is necessary for prompt clinical recognition and treatment and also for the rational design of prospective studies.
To describe the longitudinal trajectory of lung function parameters, including FEV
, in patients with BOS after hematopoietic cell transplant.
Subjects with BOS defined by National Institutes of Health consensus guidelines criteria from a recent multicenter prospective trial of combination treatment with fluticasone, azithromycin and montelukast and a retrospective cohort from Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center were included. Longitudinal change in FEV
for each patient was calculated on the basis of available pulmonary function tests in three periods: pre-BOS, from BOS diagnosis to 6 months, and 6-18 months after diagnosis. The effect of treatment on FEV
trajectory was analyzed by univariate and multivariate linear regression. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival.
The FEV
percent predicted value at diagnosis was 46% (interquartile range, 35-57%) for trial participants and 53% (interquartile range, 41-64%) for the retrospective cohort. There was a concomitant mild reduction in FVC, as well as a marked reduction in forced expiratory flow, midexpiratory phase, at diagnosis. While there was individual heterogeneity, the overall FEV
trajectory was characterized by a marked decline within 6 months prior to BOS diagnosis, followed by stability of FEV
early after diagnosis and a slow rate of decline beyond 6 months. The effect of the trial medications on FEV
trajectory after BOS diagnosis was a mean rate of change of 0.92% predicted per month (95% confidence interval, -0.53 to 2.37) compared with the retrospective cohort, but this was not statistically significant. Two-year overall survival rates were 76% and 72% for the study participants and the retrospective cohort patients, respectively. Earlier time to diagnosis after hematopoietic cell transplant and severity of FVC at diagnosis were significantly associated with reduced survival.
The FEV
trajectory in patients with BOS after hematopoietic cell transplant in a contemporary era of management follows a predominant pattern of rapid FEV
decline in the 6 months prior to diagnosis, followed by FEV
stabilization after diagnosis.
The importance of vaccinations for COPD patients has been previously described. However, there is still a gap between guideline recommendations and the implementation of preventive care delivery for ...these patients. Specially, the rise of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has made the significance of vaccination adherence more critical to address. Our study showed that referral to pulmonary clinic is associated with increased odds of receiving influenza (OR = 1.97, 95% CI 1.07, 3.65) and pneumococcal vaccinations (PCV13 OR = 3.55, 1.47, 8.54; PPSV23 OR = 4.92, 1.51, 16.02). These data suggest that partnerships between primary care physicians and pulmonologists can potentially improve the vaccination rates for patients with COPD.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
An increased prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among persons who have HIV infection has raised the possibility that HIV may predispose to the development or progression of ...COPD. This article reviews the evidence that supports an association between HIV infection and COPD-namely emphysema and chronic bronchitis-and studies that suggest an association between HIV infection and small airways abnormalities and nonspecific airway hyper-responsiveness. Risk factors for COPD and potential reasons for an increased risk for COPD in HIV-positive patients are discussed. In addition, issues in the management of COPD in HIV-positive patients are reviewed.
The epidemiology and prognostic impact of increased pulmonary pressure among HIV-infected individuals in the antiretroviral therapy era is not well described.
To examine the prevalence, clinical ...features, and outcomes of increased echocardiographic pulmonary pressure in HIV-infected and -uninfected individuals.
This study evaluated 8,296 veterans referred for echocardiography with reported pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) estimates from the Veterans Aging Cohort study, an observational cohort of HIV-infected and -uninfected veterans matched by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and clinical site. The primary outcome was adjusted mortality by HIV status.
PASP was reported in 2,831 HIV-infected and 5,465 HIV-uninfected veterans (follow-up mean ± SD, 3.8 ± 2.6 yr). As compared with uninfected veterans, HIV-infected veterans with HIV viral load greater than 500 copies/ml (odds ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.05-1.54) and those with CD4 cell count less than 200 cells/μl (odds ratio, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.02-1.60) had a higher prevalence of PASP greater than or equal to 40 mm Hg. As compared with uninfected veterans with a PASP less than 40 mm Hg, HIV-infected veterans with a PASP greater than or equal to 40 mm Hg had an increased risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.57-2.01). This risk persisted even among participants without prevalent comorbidities (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.61; 95% CI, 2.17-6.01). The adjusted risk of mortality in HIV-infected veterans was higher at all PASP values than in uninfected veterans, including at values currently considered to be normal.
HIV-infected people with high HIV viral loads or low CD4 cell counts have a higher prevalence of increased PASP than uninfected people. Mortality risk in HIV-infected veterans increases at lower values of PASP than previously recognized and is present even among those without prevalent comorbidities. These findings may inform clinical decision-making regarding screening and surveillance of pulmonary hypertension in HIV-infected individuals.
The relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular disease in people with HIV (PWH) is incompletely understood. We determined whether COPD is associated with ...risk of myocardial infarction (MI) among PWH, and if this differs for type 1 (T1MI) and type 2 (T2MI).
We utilized data from five sites in the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) cohort, a multisite observational study.
Our primary outcome was an adjudicated MI, classified as T1MI or T2MI. We defined COPD based on a validated algorithm requiring COPD diagnosis codes and at least 90-day continuous supply of inhalers. We conducted time-to-event analyses to first MI and used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to measure associations between COPD and MI.
Among 12 046 PWH, 945 had COPD. Overall, 309 PWH had an MI: 58% had T1MI ( N = 178) and 42% T2MI ( N = 131). In adjusted models, COPD was associated with a significantly increased risk of all MI adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.68 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.99-3.60) even after including self-reported smoking aHR 2.40 (95% CI 1.76-3.26). COPD was also associated with significantly increased risk of T1MI and T2MI individually, and with sepsis and non-sepsis causes of T2MI. Associations were generally minimally changed adjusting for substance use.
COPD is associated with a substantially increased risk for MI, including both T1MI and T2MI, among PWH. Given the association with both T1MI and T2MI, diverse mechanistic pathways are involved. Future strategies to decrease risk of T1MI and T2MI in PWH who have COPD are needed.
The prevalence of emphysema is higher among HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals compared to HIV-uninfected persons. While greater tobacco use contributes, HIV-related effects on immunity likely confer ...additional risk. Low peripheral blood CD4+ to CD8+ T-lymphocyte (CD4/CD8) ratio may reflect chronic inflammation in HIV and may be a marker of chronic lung disease in this population. Therefore, we sought to determine whether the CD4/CD8 ratio was associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), particularly the emphysema subtype, in a cohort of HIV+ subjects.
We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 190 HIV+ subjects enrolled in the Examinations of HIV Associated Lung Emphysema (EXHALE) study. Subjects underwent baseline laboratory assessments, pulmonary function testing and chest computed tomography (CT) analyzed for emphysema severity and distribution. We determined the association between CD4/CD8 ratio and emphysema, and the association between CD4/CD8 ratio and pulmonary function markers of COPD.
Mild or greater emphysema (>10% lung involvement) was present in 31% of subjects. Low CD4/CD8 ratio was associated with >10% emphysema in multivariable models, adjusting for risk factors including smoking, current and nadir CD4 count and HIV RNA level. Those with CD4/CD8 ratio <0.4 had 6.3 (1.1-39) times the odds of >10% emphysema compared to those with a ratio >1.0 in fully adjusted models. A low CD4/CD8 ratio was also associated with reduced diffusion capacity (DLCO).
A low CD4/CD8 ratio was associated with emphysema and low DLCO in HIV+ subjects, independent of other risk factors and clinical markers of HIV. The CD4/CD8 ratio may be a useful, clinically available, marker for risk of emphysema in HIV+ subjects in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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