We examined service representation patterns of four racial/ethnic groups (African Americans, Asian/ Pacific Islander Americans, Caucasian Americans, and Latinos) across five public youth service ...sectors (alcohol/drug treatment, child welfare, juvenile justice, mental health, and public school services for children with serious emotional disturbance) in San Diego County. A full enumeration of children ages 0 to 18 served by those sectors during a 6-month period was analyzed to determine representation of each racial/ethnic group. Comparison groups of San Diego children were culled from three sources: 1996 census estimates, 1996 census estimates at or below 200% of poverty level, and the 1997 San Diego County school enrollment census. Results varied by racial/ethnic group and comparison group used, indicating that race/ethnicity affects service use patterns and that socioeconomic status should be taken into consideration when examining racial/ethnic representation. When socioeconomic status was taken into account, African Americans and Caucasian Americans were overrepresented across most sectors, Latinos were underrepresented across all sectors, and Asian/ Pacific Islander Americans demonstrated a mixed pattern. Results are discussed in terms of methodological and policy implications.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This article describes and investigates initial findings from the Esperanza Mental Health Services (EMHS) Program, which is an intensive outpatient program that provides individual and group mental ...health services for students with "dual diagnosis" or developmental disabilities and co-occurring mental health problems. Previous research substantiates that the mental health needs of this population are significant, yet often go unaddressed in school settings. Preliminary outcomes for a sample of 61 children ages 4-22 suggest improvements in important school indicators, such as suspensions and absences during the year of program implementation, as well as positive changes in parent-reported mental health functioning. Lastly, parent satisfaction regarding these services and supports was high. The implications of these results for a proposed school-based mental health service delivery model within a multi-tiered system of prevention and intervention are discussed.
Racial/ethnic variations in clinical and service delivery characteristics among youth in public outpatient mental health services were examined using data from San Diego County mental health service ...programs for fiscal year 1996 to 1997 (N = 3,962). Differences in referral sources, primary diagnoses, and service types were investigated for three racial/ethnic groups (African Americans, Asian/Pacific Islander Americans, and Latinos) compared to non-Hispanic whites. Controlling for age, gender, functional impairment, and prior service use, significant differences by race/ethnicity were found for all three variables studied. Possible explanations for these variations and future directions for research are discussed.
Uses statistical data to examine foster care client crossover from the Dept of Social Services (DSS) to the San Diego (CA) Mental Health System (SDMHS) & public mental health service use in 1,352 ...children by comparing those in DSS who were also served in SDMHS (N = 235) with children only served in DSS. Multiple-system youths were significantly older & had different removal & placement histories than single-system youths. In the multiple-system group, analyses comparing demographic & diagnostic data of subgroups defined by the number of episodes &/or the levels of mental health care received revealed that a small group of multiple-system youths were the most severely disturbed & received the most services. Methodological issues related to tracking clients across service sectors are discussed. 5 Tables, 29 References. Adapted from the source document.
Parkinson disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by bradykinesia, resting tremor, muscular rigidity, and postural instability, as well as by a clinically significant ...response to treatment with levodopa. Mutations in the
α-synuclein gene have been found to result in autosomal dominant PD, and mutations in the
parkin gene produce autosomal recessive juvenile-onset PD. We have studied 203 sibling pairs with PD who were evaluated by a rigorous neurological assessment based on (
a) inclusion criteria consisting of clinical features highly associated with autopsy-confirmed PD and (
b) exclusion criteria highly associated with other, non-PD pathological diagnoses. Families with positive LOD scores for a marker in an intron of the
parkin gene were prioritized for
parkin-gene testing, and mutations in the
parkin gene were identified in 22 families. To reduce genetic heterogeneity, these families were not included in subsequent genome-screen analysis. Thus, a total of 160 multiplex families without evidence of a
parkin mutation were used in multipoint nonparametric linkage analysis to identify PD-susceptibility genes. Two models of PD affection status were considered: model I included only those individuals with a more stringent diagnosis of verified PD (96 sibling pairs from 90 families), whereas model II included all examined individuals as affected, regardless of their final diagnostic classification (170 sibling pairs from 160 families). Under model I, the highest LOD scores were observed on chromosome X (LOD score 2.1) and on chromosome 2 (LOD score 1.9). Analyses performed with all available sibling pairs (model II) found even greater evidence of linkage to chromosome X (LOD score 2.7) and to chromosome 2 (LOD score 2.5). Evidence of linkage was also found to chromosomes 4, 5, and 13 (LOD scores >1.5). Our findings are consistent with those of other linkage studies that have reported linkage to chromosomes 5 and X.
Fecal contamination is a major challenge in patients in acute/critical care settings that is associated with increased cost of care and supplies and with development of pressure ulcers, incontinence ...dermatitis, skin and soft tissue infections, and urinary tract infections.
To assess the economic impact of fecal containment in bedridden patients using 2 different indwelling bowel catheters and to compare infection rates between groups.
A multicenter, observational study was done at 12 US sites (7 that use catheter A, 5 that use catheter B). Patients were followed from insertion of an indwelling bowel catheter system until the patient left the acute/critical care unit or until 29 days after enrollment, whichever came first. Demographic data, frequency of bedding/dressing changes, incidence of infection, and Braden scores (risk of pressure ulcers) were recorded.
The study included 146 bedridden patients (76 with catheter A, 70 with catheter B) who had similar Braden scores at enrollment. The rate of bedding/dressing changes per day differed significantly between groups (1.20 for catheter A vs 1.71 for catheter B; P = .004). According to a formula that accounted for personnel resources and laundry cycle costs, catheter A cost $13.94 less per patient per day to use than did catheter B. Catheter A was less likely than was catheter B to be removed during the observational period (P = .03). Observed infection rates were low.
Catheter A may be more cost-effective than catheter B because it requires fewer unscheduled linen changes per patient day.
A high performance GaAsSb base, InP collector DHBT IC process has been developed for RF, microwave and telecommunications instrumentation. The GaAsSb process achieves f/sub T/ and f/sub max/ values ...of 185 GHz and 220 GHz respectively, at operating currents of J/sub c/= 1.5 mA//spl mu/m/sup 2/, with catastrophic on-state breakdown voltages of BVcbx = 9 V at J/sub c/= 1.3 mA//spl mu/m/sup 2/. Typical /spl beta/= 50. The MTTF values of > 1 /spl times/ 10/sup 6/ h at maximum operating conditions (T/sub j/ = 125 /spl deg/C, J/sub c/ = 2.0 mA//spl mu/m/sup 2/) are suitable for instrumentation-grade applications. The DHBTs are integrated with a 3-layer metal chassis including 2 resistor levels and an MIM capacitor. This IC technology is manufactured on a 3" production line for use in Agilent Technologies instrumentation products.
We show analytically how bipolar transistor breakdown voltage varies between BVceo and BVcbo, depending on the ratio of total emitter and base resistances (Ree/Rbb). We present lifetest results for ...InGaP emitter HBTs biased above Vce = BVceo while using Ree/Rbb = 1. We obtained MTTF /spl sim/ 1400 h at T/sub j/,/sub peak/ /spl ap/ 330/spl deg/C for both standard epi and a high breakdown voltage power epi. Failures are characterized by sudden /spl beta/ drift at Vce /spl lsim/ BVceo, while at higher Vce, gradual /spl beta/ drift also becomes important. We believe this is the first published lifetest study of GaAs-based HBTs stressed at high Vce. Our results further demonstrate the excellent reliability that can be achieved with InGaP-emitter HBTs.
A reliable high performance InGaP emitter HBT process has been developed for RF and microwave instruments. The InGaP process achieves Ft and Fmax values of 65 GHz and 75 GHz, respectively, with ...BVeeo=8.4 V and beta=132. The MTTF values of >5/spl times/10/sup 5/ hours at maximum operating conditions (Tj=150/spl deg/C, Jc=0.6 mA/um/sup 2/) are an order of magnitude larger than values measured on both internal and commercially available AlGaAs emitter HBT circuits. The dominant failure mode was beta drift, consistent with other published reports for other InGaP HBTs, but the Ea of 0.68 eV is much smaller than published values, which suggests that an additional high activation energy mechanism was introduced at the high temperatures used in the published reliability tests.
Preliminary results of simulating the anatomical structure (gyri, sulci, and fissures) in a fully developed brain using fractal growth are presented. Determination of the basic self-similar structure ...of the brain and the fractal growth simulation procedure are discussed. Images of the simulated brain slice are included as a demonstration of the effectiveness of this method.< >
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