The foot‐sole cutaneous receptors (section 2), their function in stance control (sway minimisation, exploratory role) (2.1), and the modulation of their effects by gait pattern and intended behaviour ...(2.2) are reviewed. Experimental manipulations (anaesthesia, temperature) (2.3 and 2.4) have shown that information from foot sole has widespread influence on balance. Foot‐sole stimulation (2.5) appears to be a promising approach for rehabilitation. Proprioceptive information (3) has a pre‐eminent role in balance and gait. Reflex responses to balance perturbations are produced by both leg and foot muscle stretch (3.1) and show complex interactions with skin input at both spinal and supra‐spinal levels (3.2), where sensory feedback is modulated by posture, locomotion and vision. Other muscles, notably of neck and trunk, contribute to kinaesthesia and sense of orientation in space (3.3). The effects of age‐related decline of afferent input are variable under different foot‐contact and visual conditions (3.4). Muscle force diminishes with age and sarcopenia, affecting intrinsic foot muscles relaying relevant feedback (3.5). In neuropathy (4), reduction in cutaneous sensation accompanies the diminished density of viable receptors (4.1). Loss of foot‐sole input goes along with large‐fibre dysfunction in intrinsic foot muscles. Diabetic patients have an elevated risk of falling, and vision and vestibular compensation strategies may be inadequate (4.2). From Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth 1A disease (4.3) we have become aware of the role of spindle group II fibres and of the anatomical feet conditions in balance control. Lastly (5) we touch on the effects of nerve stimulation onto cortical and spinal excitability, which may participate in plasticity processes, and on exercise interventions to reduce the impact of neuropathy.
Abstract
Most of the existing chest X-ray datasets include labels from a list of findings without specifying their locations on the radiographs. This limits the development of machine learning ...algorithms for the detection and localization of chest abnormalities. In this work, we describe a dataset of more than 100,000 chest X-ray scans that were retrospectively collected from two major hospitals in Vietnam. Out of this raw data, we release 18,000 images that were manually annotated by a total of 17 experienced radiologists with 22 local labels of rectangles surrounding abnormalities and 6 global labels of suspected diseases. The released dataset is divided into a training set of 15,000 and a test set of 3,000. Each scan in the training set was independently labeled by 3 radiologists, while each scan in the test set was labeled by the consensus of 5 radiologists. We designed and built a labeling platform for DICOM images to facilitate these annotation procedures. All images are made publicly available in DICOM format along with the labels of both the training set and the test set.
In this survey, we review the existing game-theoretic approaches for cyber security and privacy issues, categorizing their application into two classes, security and privacy. To show how game theory ...is utilized in cyberspace security and privacy, we select research regarding three main applications: cyber-physical security, communication security, and privacy. We present game models, features, and solutions of the selected works and describe their advantages and limitations from design to implementation of the defense mechanisms. We also identify some emerging trends and topics for future research. This survey not only demonstrates how to employ game-theoretic approaches to security and privacy but also encourages researchers to employ game theory to establish a comprehensive understanding of emerging security and privacy problems in cyberspace and potential solutions.
The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environment has received wide attention, and they have recently been considered as emerging organic contaminants. Since conventional wastewater processes are ...not particularly effective, the development of new technology that can completely remove pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environments is an urgent need. Recently, iron-copper bimetallic catalysts have attracted increasing attention, and they are known as good Fenton reagents for the degradation of persistent organic pollutants. In this study, yolk-shell structured Fe3O4@SiO2 was prepared via a spontaneous self-transformation process, and it was decorated with copper nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2@Cu) to produce a novel catalyst aimed at the rapid catalytic oxidation of acetaminophen in the heterogeneous Fenton reaction. Different ratios of Fe3O4 and copper were obtained by varying the precursor amounts of yolk-shell and copper salt. The catalyst properties were characterized by several techniques to verify the successful synthesis of the targeted materials. The results demonstrated that the Fe3O4@SiO2@Cu was controllably prepared, copper nanoparticles were firmly immobilized on the mesoporous silica shell, and the decoration of copper did not impact the yolk-shell structure of the precursor material. The catalytic activity of Fe3O4@SiO2@Cu was much better than that of Fe3O4@SiO2 for the degradation of acetaminophen. The catalytic performance of Fe3O4@SiO2@Cu increased with increasing copper content. Radical scavenging studies showed that •OH is the main reactive species contributing to acetaminophen degradation. In addition, the catalyst also exhibited good separation and satisfactory regeneration properties. The decoration of copper nanoparticles onto the yolk-shell structure Fe3O4@SiO2 was proved to be an attractive alternative method to obtain a novel bimetallic catalyst applied in heterogeneous Fenton-like system for the removal of persistent pharmaceuticals from wastewater.
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Leaf abscission of rose (
Rosa hybrida
L. ‘Baby Love’) cultured in vitro due to ethylene gas accumulation and enzymatic hydrolytic activity, is one of the abnormal phenomena affecting the shoots ...quality. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) were used to overcome leaves abscission as well as, the effect of shoot mass propagation, rooting and acclimatization at the nursery stage. The results showed that shoots cultured on MS (Murashige and Skoog, in Physiol Plantarum 15(3):473–497, 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x, 1962) medium supplemented with 2 mg/L AgNPs gave the highest shoot multiplication coefficient, shoot height, fresh weight, dry weight and chlorophyll index (5.33 shoots; 3.06 cm; 451.00 mg; 58.33 mg; 32.28; respectively) than CoNPs (replace CoCl
2
in the MS medium) and basal MS medium. Meanwhile in the rooting stage, MS medium added of 4.65 µg/L CoNPs was the most optimal with dry mass ratio (10.28%), number of roots (5.67 roots), root length (2.17 cm) and SPAD (41.07 nmol/cm
2
) as well as reduced the ethylene gas content (0.11 ppm) and enzymes activity such as pectinase (0.07 UI/mL) and cellulase (0.25 UI/mL) in comparision to the other treatments after 4 weeks culture. The plantlets derived from in vitro culture on medium added 4.65 µg/L CoNPs gave the highest survival rate (96.67%) as well as growth and development at the nursery stage.
Key message
Cobalt and silver nanoparticles (CoNPs, AgNPs) were used to overcome leaf abscission, enhance growth and increase the survival rate of plantlets at the nursery stage. CoNPs helps reduce the ethylene gas content, enzymatic hydrolytic activity such as pectinase and cellulase. AgNPs was the most suitable factor for shoots mass propagation.
Motor variability is a fundamental feature of developing systems allowing motor exploration and learning. In human infants, leg movements involve a small number of basic coordination patterns called ...locomotor primitives, but whether and when motor variability could emerge from these primitives remains unknown. Here we longitudinally followed 18 infants on 2-3 time points between birth (~4 days old) and walking onset (~14 months old) and recorded the activity of their leg muscles during locomotor or rhythmic movements. Using unsupervised machine learning, we show that the structure of trial-to-trial variability changes during early development. In the neonatal period, infants own a minimal number of motor primitives but generate a maximal motor variability across trials thanks to variable activations of these primitives. A few months later, toddlers generate significantly less variability despite the existence of more primitives due to more regularity within their activation. These results suggest that human neonates initiate motor exploration as soon as birth by variably activating a few basic locomotor primitives that later fraction and become more consistently activated by the motor system.
Computer-aided manufacturing technology is widely used in the sheet-forming industry to predict forming performance. Strain-based forming limit criterion is popularly used for this purpose. In ...incremental sheet forming, the forming limit curve at fracture (FLCF) is a line from the equi-biaxial strain-point to plane strain-point and is high in comparison with those in conventional press forming methods. This study aims to empirically define the FLCF, specifically the equi-biaxial strain at fracture which has yet to be experimentally defined. In addition, to confirm the experimental measurement results, the finite element simulation by ABAQUS/Explicit was performed wherein the fitted flow curve of the large-strain range, accompanied with non-associated flow rule yield behaviour, demonstrates good agreement with the experiment. A new stress-strain equation is thus introduced to describe the flow curve in a large-strain range.
Global sensitivity analysis (GSA) provides essential insights into the behavior of Earth and environmental systems models and identifies dominant controls of output uncertainty. Previous work on GSA, ...however, has typically been under the assumption that the controlling factors such as model inputs and parameters are independent, whereas, in many cases, they are correlated and their joint distribution follows a variety of forms. Although this assumption can limit the credibility of GSA and its results, very few studies in the field of water and environmental modeling address this issue. In this paper, we first discuss the significance of correlation effects in GSA and then propose a new GSA framework for properly accounting for correlations in input/parameter spaces. To this end, we extend the “variogram‐based” theory of GSA, called variogram analysis of response surfaces (VARS), and develop a new generalized star sampling technique (called gSTAR) to accommodate correlated multivariate distributions. We test the new gSTAR‐VARS method on two test functions, against a state‐of‐the‐art GSA method that handles correlation effects. We then apply gSTAR‐VARS to the HBV‐SASK model, calibrated via a Bayesian, Markov chain Monte Carlo approach, for design flood estimation in the Oldman River Basin in Canada. Results demonstrate that accounting for correlation effects can be critically important in GSA, especially in the presence of nonlinearity and interaction effects in the underlying response surfaces. The proposed method can efficiently handle correlations and different distribution types and simultaneously generate a range of sensitivity indices, such as total‐variogram effects, variance‐based total‐order effects, and derivative‐based elementary effects.
Key Points
We extend the theory of VARS to handle non‐uniformly distributed and correlated inputs
We develop a generalized sampling strategy for VARS to handle analytical multivariate distributions
We show that proper accounting for correlation effects, which are often ignored, is essential in sensitivity and uncertainty analysis
One of the common problems in strawberry (
Fragaria
×
ananassa
) micropropagation is the vitrification phenomenon (succulent plantlets, brittle stems, yellow leaves, etc.) leading to the reduction ...of plantlets quality and low survival rate in the greenhouse. In this study, the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on explant disinfection
,
in vitro growth (shoot multiplication, and root formation), runner formation as well as ethylene accumulation during micropropagation of strawberry were investigated. The results showed that leaf explants treated with 200 mg/L AgNPs solution for 20 min was more effective in explant disinfection and shoot regeneration than using 1 g/L HgCl
2
. In addition, AgNPs stimulated the growth of shoot and plantlet and as well shortened the duration of root formation (4 days) as compared to those in control without AgNPs during micropropagation. Besides, AgNPs reduced the ethylene gas accumulation in the culture’s vessels of shoots (0.66 ppm) and plants (0.06 ppm) compared to controls (1.77 ppm; 0.15 ppm; respectively). Moreover, AgNPs combination with culture period (5; 10 or 15 days) effect root formation stage and acclimatization in the greenhouse. The plantlets that cultured on MS medium supplemethed with 0.5 mg/L AgNPs during 10 days showed higher survival rate (93.33%) after 15 days as well as runner formation per plant (8.00 runners) after 60 days in greenhouse than those in control.
Key message
AgNPs improved explant disinfection and in vitro growth. AgNPs improved runner formation in the greenhouse. AgNPs limited ethylene accumulation during micropropagation.
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