Many fishing fleets operate in mixed fisheries where several target species are caught together along with other bycatch species unintentionally caught. In some cases, fleets operate in multiple ...mixed fisheries depending on various factors such as time of year or current market conditions, among other factors. Data collection in the European Union (EU) involves various levels of detailed data. Economic data is generally collected on an annual time-step whereas other sources provide information at much higher resolution such as the fishing trip (landings declarations), fish day (logbook) or even in real-time (electronic logbook). In this paper a methodology is described to disaggregate the annual cost of a fleet segment into a cost per fishery and per species within the fishery. This information is of interest as it permits incorporation of the economic implications of fishery dynamics into fisheries management. Assessment of these unit costs on a fishery basis also allows accurate input into value chain analysis which is carried out on a species basis.
Ecosystem based management takes into account the interconnectedness and interdependent nature of ecosystem components and emphasizes the importance of ecosystem structures and functions which ...provide a range of services. The concept has now been adopted by many international agreements and national governments and is in the process of being implemented. This paper seeks to review the literature and to analyze the understanding of the subject. The term is defined and its implementation in fisheries and for all marine uses is analyzed. It has been concluded that to understand marine ecosystem based management one must consider ecosystems as complex adaptive systems which can show changes at higher levels from actions and processes occurring at lower levels. Recognizing that humans are part of these complex adaptive systems is vital in that their actions along with other processes can lead to transformations in ecosystem functioning. This recognition is also important to show how society can sustainably exploit these resources and that the inclusion of all stakeholders in the management process is necessary to legitimize the process. The uses of the precautionary principle along with adaptive management are seen to be useful tools in implementing these insights into the management of natural resources. Finally, the need for reducing consumption of fish is considered.
A methodology is described to measure the short to medium term social impacts of the European Union (EU) quota setting procedure. The method utilises data that is collected nationally within the EU ...and so allows timely estimation of possible social impacts as a result of changes in total allowable catches that could affect national fishing fleets and fishing dependent communities. Social impacts can extend to a very broad set of characteristics such as employment, wages, health and safety, gender participation, education, traditions, ‘well-being’, etc. Here, the use of the term ‘social’ is in a narrow sense in that the indicator that is relied on is employment (including downstream effects) due to the characteristics of the indicator and its availability in terms of data collection. The methodology is described in terms of its application in Ireland and measures are suggested to enable its application at an EU level.
•A methodology for assessing the short-term social impacts of quota setting is described.•Data required is collected nationally in Europe through various EU regulations.•Steps are outlined to expand application from Ireland to the EU level.
Most scholars view the expectations held by consumers to be little more than uninformed guesses. Nonetheless, research has repeatedly found a close correspondence between aggregate trends in consumer ...expectations with the corresponding trends in national statistics. The theory of tailored expectations has reconciled the false paradox of micro-inaccuracy and macro-accuracy by shifting the focus from national data to the conditions people actually face. Processing, interpreting, and learning from economic information are largely accomplished by non-conscious cognitive activity. The inherent social nature of economic expectations generates cascades that can result in self-fulfilling expectations and consumers deserve equal billing with business and the government as having an independent and potent impact on the macro-economy. Lastly, the lament that non-conscious cognitive activity cannot be directly observed should not impede progress toward a more robust theory of economic expectations.
From 1979 to 1996, the Survey of Consumer Attitudes response rate remained roughly 70 percent. But number of calls to complete an interview and proportion of interviews requiring refusal conversion ...doubled. Using call-record histories, we explore what the consequences of lower response rates would have been if these additional efforts had not been undertaken. Both number of calls and initially cooperating (vs. initially refusing) are related to the Index of Consumer Sentiment (ICS), but only number of calls survives a control for demographic characteristics. We assess the impact of excluding respondents who required refusal conversion (which reduces the response rate 5–10 percentage points), respondents who required more than five calls to complete the interview (reducing the response rate about 25 percentage points), and those who required more than two calls (a reduction of about 50 percentage points). We found no effect of excluding any of these respondent groups on cross-sectional estimates of the ICS using monthly samples of hundreds of cases. For yearly estimates, based on thousands of cases, the exclusion of respondents who required more calls (though not of initial refusers) had an effect, but a very small one. One of the exclusions generally affected estimates of change over time in the ICS, irrespective of sample size.
In this wide-ranging and multidisciplinary volume, leading scholars, activists, journalists, and public figures deliberate about the creative and critical potential of public imagination in an era ...paradoxically marked by intensifying globalization and resurgent nationalism. Divided into five sections, these essays explore the social, political, and cultural role of imagination and civic engagement, offering cogent, ingenious reflections that stand in stark contrast to the often grim rhetoric of our era. Short and succinct, the essays engage with an interconnected ensemble of themes and issues while also providing insights into the specific geographical and social dynamics of each author’s national or regional context. Part 1 introduces the reader to theoretical reflections on imagination and the public sphere;Part 2 illustrates dynamics of public imagination in a diverse set of cultural contexts;Part 3 reflects in various ways on the urgent need for a radically transformed public and civic imagination in the face of worldwide ecological crisis;Part 4 suggests new societal possibilities that are related to spiritual as well as politically revolutionary sources of inspiration;Part 5 explores characteristics of present and potentially emerging global society and the existing transnational framework that could provide resources for a more humane global order.Erudite and thought-provoking, On Public Imagination makes a vital contribution to political thought, and is accessible to activists, students, and scholars alike.
This paper analyzes the predictive power of a new data set of consumer gasoline price forecasts taken from the Michigan Survey of Consumers (MSC). MSC data generally perform as well as a no-change ...forecast in predicting future gasoline prices, and they substantially out-perform the no-change forecast during the recent economic crisis, during which time they track futures market prices. Finally, the cross-respondent dispersion of the MSC forecasts increases substantially during the economic crisis, paralleling the large increase in price volatility at this time. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
The seafood sector in Ireland is an important economic and social driver for communities around the coastline of the island. Many coastal communities in Ireland are situated far from regional urban ...centres with lower levels of infrastructure making these locations less attractive to industry. In order to capture detailed information on seafood supply chains in Ireland and how these evolve over time, a programme of periodical assessments of the top ten fishing ports was developed. While many studies have assessed the links of seafood sectors with the wider economy at the national level or for a specific port, no studies have been found that assess the sector at numerous ports across multiple regions of a country. The assessment detailed here will be carried out every five years utilizing the same methodology where linkages of the seafood sector with other parts of the local, regional and national economies will be assessed by surveying producers and adapting national input-output tables with the survey results. The survey was carried out in 2019 and the data collected referred to production in 2018. The main findings were that for every four direct employees in the seafood sector, three were employed in the wider economy. Significant variance in multipliers was found across ports and subsectors highlighting the importance of assessing multiple ports and regions when assessing the national seafood sector. In this paper the methodology used to carry out this assessment will be detailed with an overview of the results across the main ports.
•Economy-wide impacts of Irish seafood sector assessed using 6 regional models adapted from the national input-output tables.•The overall seafood sector, composed of the fishing, aquaculture and fish processing subsectors, was assessed.•Multipliers estimated by subsector and overall seafood sector in 10 main ports at the regional level and nationally.•For the overall seafood sector multipliers for employment, GVA and wages of 1.77, 1.77 and 1.95 were estimated.•Through extensive communications with stakeholders very high participation rates in the target survey was achieved.
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