Mycobacterium celatum, a slowly growing potentially pathogenic mycobacterium first described in humans, is regarded as an uncommon cause of human infection, though capable of inducing invasive ...disease in immunocompromised hosts. According to some reports, a serious disease due to M. celatum may also occur in individuals with no apparent immunodeficiency. In animals, an M. celatum-related disease has been described in three cases only: twice in a domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) and once in a white-tailed trogon (Trogon viridis). In this paper, we report the first detection of M. celatum in a domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). A nation-wide overview of human M. celatum infections recorded in Slovenia between 2000 and 2010 is also given. Pulmonary disease due to M. celatum was recognized in one patient with a history of a preexisting lung disease.
Zadnjih se desetljeća kobilje mlijeko istražuje kao funkcionalna i ljekovita hrana. Sastav kobiljeg, humanog i kravljeg mlijeka znatno se razlikuje, a varira i o genetskim, fiziološkim i prehrambenim ...čimbenicima, kao i o uvjetima okoliša. Uspoređujući ga s humanim i kravljim mlijekom, kobilje mlijeko ima nižu energetsku vrijednost i niže vrijednosti masti. Sadržaj proteina sirutke i kazeina u kobiljem mlijeku sličan je onom u humanom za prehranu ljudi i čini ga pogodnijim od kravljega. Kobilje i humano mlijeko formiraju precipitat koji je lakše probavljiv od koaguluma kravljeg mlijeka. Vanjska membrana masnih globula, kao i raspodjela di- i tri- glicerida iz kobiljeg i humanog mlijeka su slične. Postotak nezasićenih masnih kiselina u kobiljem i humanom mlijeku veći je nego u kravljem mlijeku, a najveći dio otpada na polinezasićene masne kiseline sa srednjim i većim brojem ugljikovih atoma. Kobilje mlijeko zauzima sve više prostora u nutricionizmu zbog svojih specifičnih kemijskih i nutritivnih karakteristika.
The composition of mare, human and cow milk differs significantly depending on the genetic, physiological and nutritional factors, and environmental conditions. Compared to human and cow milk, mare milk has lower energy and fat values, while the protein content of mare milk is similar to human milk. The content of whey protein and casein in mare milk makes it more suitable than cow milk for human consumption. Mare and human milk form a precipitate, which is much easier to digest than cow milk coagulum, and the outer membrane of fat globules and the distribution of di- and triglycerides from mare and human milk are also similar. The percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in mare and human milk is higher than in cow milk, most of which are polyunsaturated with a moderate to higher number of carbon atoms. Due to its specific chemical and nutritional properties, mare milk is in the focus of interest as a functional and healthy food.
Jedan od vodećih mikroorganizama koji uzrokuje bakterijsko trovanje hranom su bakterije roda Campylobacter koje prouzroče kampilobakteriozu, zoonozu koja je od 2005. godine najčešće prijavljivana ...bolest uzrokovana hranom u Europskoj Uniji te kao takva predstavlja javno-zdravstveni problem. Najprisutnijim izvorom ovog patogena smatra se pileće meso s obzirom da su kampilobakteri uobičajeni komenzali u probavnom sustavu peradi. S obzirom da se nalaze u crijevima peradi, osim prilikom procesa klanja i obrade mesa, velika mogućnost kontaminacije javlja se u kasnijim fazama proizvodnje kao što su: čupanje perja, evisceracija, pranje, pohranjivanje i hlađenje te kontaminacija putem ruku radnika, opreme ili same okoline, a pretpostavlja se da upravo koža peradi predstavlja glavni izvor ovog patogena. U ovom je radu određivan broj bakterija Campylobacter spp. u uzorcima kože vratova tovnih pilića, pilećih prsa bez kože, pilećih krilaca i pilećih bataka ‒ zabataka. Za određivanje broja kolonija korištena je standardna metoda za određivanje broja Campylobacter spp. prema ISO normiranoj metodi HRN EN ISO 10272 – 2:2017.
One of the leading microorganisms causing bacterial food poisoning are the Campylobacter bacteria that cause campylobacteriosis, a zoonosis that has the most important source of this pathogen, given that campylobacters are common commensals in the digestive system of poultry. They are found in the intestines of poultry, and in addition to the slaughtering and meat processing stages, a high possibility of contamination occurs in the later stages of production, such as plucking feathers, evisceration, washing, storing and cooling, and contamination through the hands of workers, equipment, or the environment itself, and it is believed that the skin of poultry is been the most frequently reported food-borne disease in the European Union since 2005, making it a public health concern. Chicken meat is considered the main source of this pathogen. In this paper, the number of Campylobacter spp. bacteria was determined in samples of the neck skins of broiler chickens, skinless chicken breasts, chicken wings and chicken drumsticks. To determine the number of colonies, the standard method for determining the number of Campylobacter spp. according to the ISO standard method HRN EN ISO 10272 – 2:2017 was used.
Rapid-growth mycobacteria were isolated from two cases of cow mastitis with similar clinical appearance and within a narrow time frame. Mycobacteria were isolated on blood esculine agar. The isolated ...mycobacteria were Gram stained, Ziehl-Nielsen stained and tested for growth at 25°C, 37°C and 42°C, iron uptake, growth on Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) agar with and without 5% NaCl, arylsulphatase (3 days), tween 80 hydrolysis, tellurite reduction, nitrate reductase and niacin synthesis. Molecular identification was performed using the Mycobacteria GenoType CM and AS tests (Hain Diagnostika, Nehren, Germany). One isolate was additionally sequenced for the hsp65, rpoB, 16S rRNA gene sequence and transcribed spacer sequence (ITS) DNA. Susceptibility testing of isolates was performed on the Sensititre Rapmycol plate (TREK Diagnostic Systems Ltd.) for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxasole, linezolid, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, moxifloxacin, cefepime, cefoxitin, amoxicillin / clavulanic acid, amikacin, ceftriaxone, doxycycline, minocycline, tigecycline, tobramycine and clarythromycine. Gram-positive acid-resistant rods were observed in stained smears. Both strains grew at 25°C, 37°C and 42°C on LJ medium, and on LJ medium containing 5 % NaCl. The conventional biochemical tests for iron uptake, arylsulphatase (3 days), Tween 80 hydrolysis, tellurite reduction and nitrate reductase were positive, while the niacin test was negative. Both isolates were identified by the GenoType Mycobacterium CM as Mycobacterium fortuitum II/ Mycobacterium mageritense, while application of the GenoType Mycobacterium AS kit identified both isolates as belonging to the species Mycobacterium smegmatis. Analysis of the isolate sequences (strain DS) for 16S ribosomal RNA confirmed a 100% identical result with Mycobacterium smegmatis strain INHR2. According to the CLSI criteria, both strains were sensitive to sulfametoxazole/trimethoprim, linezolid, doxicycline, amikacin and tobramycin. The strains differed in their sensitivity to cefoxitim, and both strains were resistant to clarithromycin. There was a strong difference between the isolates in sensitivity toward cefoxitime and tigecycline.
Brzo-rastuće bakterije iz roda Mycobacterium izdvojene se iz dva klinički slična slučaja mastitisa krava u relativno kratkom vremenu. Mikobakterije su izdvojene na krvnom agaru s dodatkom eskulina, obojene po Grammu i Ziehl-Nielsenu te im je provjerena sposobnost rasta pri 25 °C, 37 °C i 42 °C, korištenje željeza, sposobnost rasta na Löwenstein-Jensen agaru bez i s dodatkom 5 % NaCl, tvorba arilsulfataze, sposobnost hidrolize tween 80, redukcije telurita i tvorbe nitrat reduktaze i niacina. Molekularna identifikacija izolata provedena je korištenjem testova Mycobacteria GenoType CM i AS. Odsječci gena hsp65, rpoB, 16S rRNK te tzv. (engl. transcribed spacer sequence (ITS)) jednog izolata su sekvencirani. Osjetljivost izolata provjerili smo pomoću SENSITITRE RAPMYCOL ploča (TREK Diagnostic Systems Ltd.) prema trimetoprim/sulfametoksazolu, linezolidu, ciprofloksacinu, imipenemu, moksifloksacinu, cefepimu, cefoksitinu, amoksicilinu s klavulanskom kiselinom, amikacinu, ceftriaksonu, doksiciklinu, minociklinu, tigeciklinu, tobramicinu i klaritromicinu. Gram-pozitivne acido-rezistentne štapićaste bakterije uočili smo u obojenim razmascima. Oba soja rasla su pri temperaturama 25 °C, 37 °C i 42 °C te na podlozi LJ s i bez dodatka 5 % NaCl. U oba soja utvrdili smo sposobnost korištenja željeza, tvorbe arilsulfataze, hidrolize Tween 80, redukcije telurita i tvorbe reduktaze nitrata. Sojevi nisu tvorili niacin. Oba izolata su testom GenoType Mycobacterium CM identificirana kao Mycobacterium fortuitum II/ Mycobacterium mageritense dok su GenoType Mycobacterium AS testom identificirana kao Mycobacterium smegmatis. Sekvencijskom analizom odsječka gena 16S ribosomske RNK soja DS i usporedbom s javno dostupnim izolatima, utvrdili smo potpunu podudarnost sa sojem Mycobacterium smegmatis soj INHR2. Prema CLSI kriterijima, oba izolata su osjetljiva prema sulfametoksazolu s trimetoprimom, linezolidu, doksiciklinu, amikacinu i tobramicinu, a rezistentna prema klaritromicinu. Razlike između sojeva očitovale su se u osjetljivosti prema cefoksitimu i tigeciklinu.
Kampilobakterioza je zoonoza koja se na ljude prenosi sa životinja i proizvoda životinjskog podrijetla, a prouzroči ju bakterija iz roda Campylobacter. Kampilobakteri su sveprisutni mikroorganizmi ...te ih možemo naći u svim vrstama mesa i proizvodima od mesa, sirovom mlijeku i mliječnim prerađevinama, rjeđe u jajima te u kontaminiranoj vodi. Kampilobakterioza je učestalija ljeti jer više temperature pogoduju rastu uzročnika ove bolesti. Tijekom ljetnog razdoblja (lipanj, srpanj, kolovoz) 2020. godine u tri klaonice sakupljeno je 60 uzoraka kože vratova tovnih pilića koji su pretraživani na bakterije iz roda Campylobacter. Od ukupnog broja pretraženih uzoraka, 28 (46,67 %) uzoraka bilo je iznad granične vrijednosti (1000 cfu/g) prema Uredbi (EU) 2017/1495, u 21,67 % određen je broj Campylobacter spp., ispod granične vrijednosti, a u 19 uzoraka je rezultat bio <100 cfu/g. Uzorci su obrađeni prema standardnom postupku određivanja broja kolonija Campylobacter spp. S obzirom na patogenost bakterija iz roda Campylobacter, od izuzetnog su značenja termička obrada hrane, dezinfekcija vode, sprječavanje križne kontaminacije te higijena prostora u kojem se hrana priprema s ciljem osiguranja zdravstvene ispravnosti hrane. Provođenje biosigurnosnih mjera i praćenje prevalencije kampilobaktera nužni su u klaoničkim objektima kako bi se smanjila učestalost pojave ove zoonoze.
Campylobacteriosis is a zoonosis transmitted to man from animals and products of animal origin, caused by bacteria of the genus Campylobacter. Campylobacters are ubiquitous microorganisms that can be found in all types of meat and meat products, raw milk and dairy products, less frequently in eggs, and in contaminated water. Campylobacteriosis is more frequent in summer since the higher temperatures stimulate the growth of the causative agent of this disease. During summer 2020 (June, July, August), 60 samples of the skins of broiler necks were collected in three slaughterhouses and tested for Campylobacter bacteria. Of the total number of samples tested, 28 (46.67%) were inconsistent (> 1000 CFU/g), Campylobacter spp. was proven in 21.67% of samples, though at lower concentrations < 1000 CFU/g, and 19 samples did not contain Campylobacter spp. All samples were processed according to the standard method for detecting the presence and determining the number of Campylobacter spp. Considering the pathogenicity of bacteria belonging to the genus Campylobacter, thermal treatment of food, water disinfection, prevention of cross contamination, and hygiene of food preparation areas are of paramount importance to ensure food safety. Implementation of biosecurity measures and monitoring for the prevalence of campylobacters are necessary in slaughter houses to reduce the frequency of occurrence of this zoonosis.
To present the surveillance data on Brucella melitensis, B. suis, and B. ovis infection in cattle, sheep, goats, and swine in Croatia obtained in 2008 by serological, bacteriological, and molecular ...methods for diagnostics of brucellosis in domestic animals.
We serologically tested 42,785 cattle serums, 22,686 sheep and goat serums, and 28520 swine serums using the Rose Bengal test, complement fixation test, and various immunosorbent assays. We also tested 10,173 ram blood samples for B. ovis infection using the complement fixation test. Bacteriological examination was conducted on 214 samples collected from 34 serologically positive animals. Different molecular methods were employed in the identification and typing of 20 isolates from the samples.
B. melitensis biovar (bv.) 3 was confirmed with different identification methods in 2 flocks in 2 Croatian counties and B. suis bv. 2 in 3 flocks in 3 counties. B. melitensis in cows was confirmed for the first time in Croatia. Infection with B. ovis was serologically confirmed in 202 rams in 12 counties.
In 2008, the size of the brucellosis-affected area in Croatia and the efficiency of detection and prevention of brucellosis in sheep, goats, and swine were satisfactory. Infection with B. melitensis in cattle was confirmed for the first time and possible links for infection in humans were detected. More efficient measures for suppression and control of ovine epididymitis are required and a new strategy may be necessary for complete eradication of this disease.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This study’s objective was to estimate the seasonal occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in cow’s milk between winter 2016 and winter 2022 and to assess dietary exposure and risk assessment for the ...adult Croatian population. In total, 5817 cow milk samples were screened for AFM1 concentrations using the enzyme immunoassay assay (ELISA). For confirmation purposes of AFM1 concentration above the European Union maximum permitted level (MRL), ultra high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was performed. In 94.7% of milk samples, AFM1 levels were below the detection limit (LOD) of the ELISA test. For 3.47% of samples, the AFM1 was between the LOD and MRL values. Only 1.87% of all samples exceeded the MRL. The mean value of elevated AFM1 in different seasons ranged between 59.2 ng/kg (autumn 2017) and 387.8 ng/kg (autumn 2021). The highest incidences of positive AFM1 were determined in autumn and winter and the maximum (6.4%) was in winter 2019/2020. The largest percentage of positive samples (69.7%) was found in central Croatia. The estimated daily intakes for positive samples ranged between 0.17 and 2.82 ng/kg body weight/day. Risk assessment indicated a high level of concern during autumn and winter, especially for consumers of large amounts of milk.
U sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj meki svježi sir se tradicionalno proizvodi po nepisanoj recepturi od sirovog kravljeg mlijeka. Mlijeko predstavlja idealan supstrat za rast i razmnožavanje brojnih ...mikroorganizama, mnogih uzročnika zoonoza tako i vrste Y. enterocolitica. Tijekom naših istraživanja pretraženo je 159 uzoraka, od toga 109 uzoraka sirovog kravljeg mlijeka i 50 uzoraka svježeg kravljeg sira i vrhnja. Y. enterocolitica izdvojena je iz 2 (1,8 %) uzorka sirovog mlijeka. Od 50 uzoraka mliječnih proizvoda (sir i vrhnje) u 16 (32 %) dokazana je E.coli, u 12 (24 %) uzoraka S. aureus te u 1 (2 %) uzoraka L. innocua. Osim njih u 15 (13,8 %) uzoraka sirovog mlijeka i 24 (48 %) uzoraka svježeg sira i vrhnja izdvojene su enterobakterije, a biokemijski su identificirane vrste: S. marcescens, S. liquefaciens, M. morganii, C. freundii i C. braakii. Bakterije iz roda Salmonella i L. monocytogenes nisu dokazane u istraživanim uzorcima. Nakon provedene biokemijske identifikacije, dva soja identificirana kao vrsta Y. enterocolitica pretraženi su na molekularnoj razini, molekularnom pretragom dobiven je potvrdni rezultat samo kod jednog uzorka, što je usporedivo s rezultatima drugim istraživanja. Zbog zahtjevne identifikacije bakterijske vrste Y. enterocolitica, kombiniranom primjenom uzgojnih i molekularnih metoda dobiju se pouzdaniji i brži rezultati identifikacije. Sirovo mlijeko i vrhnje od sirovog mlijeka izvor su patogenih mikroorganizama (E. coli i S. aureus) i drugih enterobakterija, a našim istraživanjem dokazali smo i patogenu bakterijsku vrstu Y. enterocolitica koja predstavlja potencijalni rizik za zdravlje potrošača i u Republici Hrvatskoj. Y. enterocolitica je znatno otporna na procese u proizvodnji hrane (dezinfekcija, niski pH, salinitet, preživljavanje u hladnijim uvjetima) te u budućnosti zaslužuje veću pažnju i nadzor u proizvodnji hrane.
In northwestern Croatia, soft fresh cheese is produced using traditional, unwritten recipes of raw cow milk. Milk is an ideal substrate for the growth and reproduction of numerous microorganisms, many zoonotic agents and the species Y. enterocolitica. In this study, 159 samples were tested: 109 samples of raw cow milk and 50 samples of fresh cow cheese and cream. Y. enterocolitica was detected in 2 (1.8%) samples of raw milk. E. coli was detected in 16 (32%) of 50 samples of dairy products (cheese and cream). S. aureus was detected in 12 (24%) samples and L. innocua in 1 (2%) sample. Additionally, 15 (13.8%) samples of raw milk and 24 (48%) samples of fresh cheese and cream also harboured enterobacteria, identified biochemically as: S. marcescens, S. liquefaciens, M. morganii, C. freundii and C. braakii. Salmonella and L. monocytogenes were detected in any of the samples. After the biochemical identification, two strains identified as Y. enterocolitica were examined at the molecular level, and the molecular test confirmed the result in only one sample, which is comparable to the results of other studies. Due to the demanding identification of the bacterial species Y. enterocolitica, the combined application of breeding and molecular methods produces more reliable and faster identification results. Raw milk and crude milk cream are a source of pathogenic microorganisms (E. coli and S. aureus) and other enterobacteria, while this study also found the presence of the pathogenic bacterial species Y. enterocolitica, presenting a potential consumer health risk in the Republic of Croatia. Y. enterocolitica is considerably resistant to food production processes (disinfection, low pH, salinity, survival in cold conditions) and deserves greater attention and supervision in food production in the future.
Salmoneloza je jedna od najučestalijijh zoonoza koja se prenosi hranom, a najčešći izvor zaraze za ljude je kontaminirano meso i prerađevine od mesa peradi. Tijekom petogodišnjeg razdoblja od ...2016. do 2020. godine provedeno je istraživanje tijekom kojeg je na Salmonellu spp., pretraženo 2457 uzoraka pilećeg mesa koje je uzorkovano u klaonicama i mesnicama na području Međimurske, Varaždinske, Koprivničko- križevačke, Bjelovarsko-bilogorske i Zagrebačke županije. Salmonella spp. je izdvojena iz 136 (5,5 %) obrađenih uzoraka. Godine 2016. ustvrđena je u 5 (6 %) pretraženih uzoraka, 2017. godine u 41 (4,7 %) uzorku, 2018. godine u 33 (6,1 %) uzorka, 2019. godine u 26 (6,6 %) uzoraka i u 2020. godini u 31 (5,4 %) uzoraka. Serološkom tipizacijom S. Infantis je identificirana u 86 (63,2 %) izdvojenih izolata; S. Typhimurium u 8 (5,9 %) izolata; a S. Enteritidis je tipizirana u 3 (2,2 %) izdvojena izolata. Tipizirani su i slijedeći serovarovi salmonela: S. Corvallis - 5 izolata (3,7 %), S. Isaszeg - 5 izolata (3,7 %), S. Derby- 3 izolata (2,2 %), S. Give - 2 izolata (2,2 %), S. Indiana - 2 izolata (2,2 %), i po 1 izolat 7 (5,1 %) serovara (S. Schwarzengrund, S. Goldcoast, S. Chester, S. Bredeney, S. Mbandaka, S.Newport, S. Saintpaul). U 15 (11 %) izolata tipizacija nije izvršena. S. Infantis je tijekom svih godina bila najčešće potvrđeni serovar. Salmoneloza predstavlja znatan gospodarski problem zbog šteta u intenzivnoj proizvodnji, ali i kao zoonoza koja se mesom i mesnim prouzvodima od mesa peradi širi na ljude. Provedbom odgovarajućih higijenskih mjera i dobre higijenske prakse od peradarskih farmi i klaonica do prodajnih mjesta moglo bi se doprinijeti manjoj kontaminaciji pilećeg mesa različitim serovarovima Salmonella spp.
Salmonellosis is one of the most important food-borne zoonoses, and the main sources of infection for humans are contaminated meat and poultry meat products. During the five- year period from 2016 to 2020, 2457 samples of poultry meat were tested for the presence of Salmonella spp. Samples were obtained from slaughterhouses and butcher shops in five counties: Međimurje, Varaždin, Koprivnica- Križevci, Bjelovar-Bilogora and Zagreb. Salmonella spp. was isolated from 136 (5.5%) pro- cessed samples during the study. In 2016, it was isolated in 5 (6%) of the tested samples, in 2017 in 41 (4.7%) samples, in 2018 in 33 (6.1%) samples, in 2019 in 26 (6.6%) samples, and in 2020 in 31 (5.4%) samples. The most common identified serovar was S. Infantis in 86 (63.2%) isolates, followed by S. Typhimurium in 8 (5.9%) isolates, and S. Enteritidis in 3 (2.2%) isolates. The following salmonella serovars were also identified: S. Corvallis - 5 isolates (3.7%), S. Isaszeg - 5 isolates (3.7%), S. Derby 3 isolates (2.2%), S. Give - 2 isolates (2.2%), S. Indiana - 2 isolates (2.2%), and 1 isolate each of 7 (5.1%) serovars (S. Schwarzengrud, S. Goldcoast, S. Chester, S. Bredeney, S. Mbandaka, S. Newport, S. Saintpaul). No identification was confirmed in 15 (11%) isolates. S. Infantis was the most common serovar during the study period. Salmonellosis is a significant economic problem due to damages in intensive produc- tion, but also as a zoonosis that can spread to humans through meat and poultry meat prod- ucts. In identified isolates of Salmonella spp., the serovar S. Infantis dominated in chicken meat, which has been confirmed in earlierresearch in Croatia and other EU countries. Implementing appropriate hygiene measures and good hygiene practices from poultry farms and slaughterhouses to shops could contribute to lower contamination of chicken meat with different serovars of Salmonella spp.
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