Postupci uzorkovanja za mikrobiološku analizu hrane mogu utjecati na krajnji rezultat mikrobiološke pretrage. Uzorkovanje trebaju provoditi educirane i stručne osobe; pribor i oprema za uzorkovanje ...moraju biti sterilni; uzorak koji se uzorkuje mora biti reprezentativan, što znači da mora predstavljati jednu seriju ili lot proizvoda iz koje je uzet. Vrlo je važno uzorkovati dostatnu količinu uzorka koja je dovoljna za mikrobiološku analizu. Transport uzoraka do laboratorija i početak pretrage mora se provesti u što kraćem vremenu uz poštivanje temperaturnog režima. Sa svim se uzorcima treba postupati tako da bi se izbjeglo bilo kakvo oštećenje ambalaže. Uzorci moraju biti propisno upakirani te pravilno označeni. Subjekt u poslovanju s hranom sam određuje učestalost uzorkovanja hrane, vode i površina koje dolaze u dodir s hranom koja je definirana
planom samokontrole, a nadležna tijela kontroliraju provedbu propisanih planova. Osim uzorkovanja tijekom samokontrole koje provode osobe u poslovanju s hranom u Republici Hrvatskoj postoje i službene kontrole koje su propisane od nadležnih tijela u Republici Hrvatskoj.
U ovom su radu prikazani rezultati mikrobioloških pretraga sekreta vimena krava s različitim oblicima upala mliječnih žlijezda. Pretraženi su uzorci tijekom pet godina dostavljani u Laboratorij ...za dijagnostiku Veterinarskog zavoda Križevci, podrijetlom iz 7 županija sjeverozapadne Hrvatske. Uzorci su pretraženi konvencionalnim mikrobiološkim metodama u aerobnim uvjetima. Ukupno je obrađeno 1264 uzorka, a pozitivan rezultat ustvrđen je u 983 slučaja ili 77,76 % uzoraka. Pri tome je izdvojeno 967 sojeva bakterija; u 9 slučajeva izdvojene su kvasnice, a u 7 slučajeva alge. Osjetljivost prema antimikrobnim lijekovima određivana je disk-difuzijskom metodom. Od pozitivnih mikrobioloških nalaza 14,24 % izolata pripada vrsti Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a između njih je 60 % rezistentno na OX. Sojevi S. aureus pokazali su najvišu osjetljivost prema AMC (91,4 %) te prema CEQ (90,7 %). Koagulaza–negativni stafilokoki (CNS) čine 19,23 % pozitivnih slučajeva, s najboljom osjetljivosti prema CEQ (84,6 %). Streptococcus agalactiae ustanovljen je u 3,36 % pozitivnih uzoraka, a pokazao je dobru osjetljivost prema CPZ i CEQ (87,9 %). Ostali streptokoki (po Lancefieldovoj grupe C, D i ostale) čine 39,47 % pozitivnih nalaza i pokazali su najbolju osjetljivost prema AMC (95,4 %) i CEQ (92,8 %). Od Gram-negativnih bakterija među pozitivnim uzorcima najčešće je zastupljena: Escherichia coli (9,46 %), a zatim rodovi Pseudomonas, Enterobacter i Klebsiella (3,46 %, 2,64 % i 0,1 % kako slijedi). Kvasnice (Candida spp.) i alge (Prototheca spp.) su izdvojeneumanjeod1%slučajeva.Rezultati pokazuju da je postotak stafilokoknih i streptokoknih mastitisa podjednak onima u dosadašnjim istraživanjima, no uočen je trend povećanja broja rezistentnih sojeva vrste S. aureus. Pouzdan mikrobiološki nalaz s antibiogramom je uz kliničku pretragu temelj kontrole mastitisa u našim uvjetima, jer različite vrste mikrorganizma zahtijevaju različite pristupe u liječenju, kao što su izbor antibiotika, cijepljenje, zasušivanje četvrti ili kao zadnji izbor izlučenje životinje.
This paper summarises the results of microbiological testing of milk samples from cows suffering from mammary gland inflammation. The examined samples were delivered to the Diagnostic Laboratory of the Križevci Veterinary Institute over a 5-year period, originating from seven counties in northwestern Croatia. Samples were screened by conventional microbiological methods under aerobic conditions. A total of 1264 samples were processed, and a positive result was found in 983 cases (77.76%). In total, 967 strains of bacteria were isolated, while nine samples contained yeast and seven contained algae. Susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs was determined by the disk diffusion method. Among the positive microbiological findings, 14.24% of the isolates belonged to the speciesStaphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and 60% of these were oxacillin-resistant. S. aureus strains showed the highest susceptibility to AMC (91.4%) and CEQ (90.7%). Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) accounted for 19.23% of positive cases, with the highest sensitivity to CEQ (84.6%). Streptococcus agalactiae was found in 3.36% of positive samples and showed good susceptibility to CPZ and CEQ (87.9%). Other streptococci (according to Lancefield group C, D and others) accounted for 39.47% of positive findings. They showed the highest sensitivity to AMC (95.4%), and CEQ (92.8%). Among the Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (9.46%) was the most common finding, followed by the genera Pseudomonas, Enterobacter and Klebsiella (3.46%, 2.64% and 0.1%, respectively). Yeasts (Candida spp.) and algae (Prototheca spp.) were isolated in less than 1% of cases. The results show that the percentage of staphylococcal and streptococcal mastitis is similar to previous reports, though an increasing trend in the number of resistant strains of S. aureus was noted. A reliable microbiological finding with an antimicrobial susceptibility test, accompanied with clinical examination is the foundation of mastitis control in our conditions, as different types of microorganisms require different treatment approaches, such as antibiotic selection, vaccination, various drying-off practices, or exclusion of the animal as a last choice.
•Resistance is prevalent among slow growing nontuberculous mycobacteria from animals.•Nearly all isolates showed multidrug resistance.•Humans are at risk of zoonosis that may be difficult to treat ...with current therapy.
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria are opportunistic pathogens that cause disease mainly in immunocompromised hosts. The present study assessed the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among such mycobacteria from domestic and wild animals in Croatia sampled during several years within a national surveillance program.
A total of 44 isolates belonging to nine slow-growing species were genotyped and analyzed for susceptibility to 13 antimicrobials often used to treat non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in humans.
Most prevalent resistance was to moxifloxacin (77.3%), doxycycline (76.9%), and rifampicin (76.9%), followed by ciprofloxacin (65.4%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (65.4%), and linezolid (61.4%). Few isolates were resistant to rifabutin (7.7%) or amikacin (6.8%). None of the isolates was resistant to clarithromycin. Nearly all isolates (86.4%) were resistant to multiple antibiotics.
Our findings suggest substantial risk that human populations may experience zoonotic infections with non-tuberculous mycobacteria that will be difficult to treat using the current generation of antibiotics. Future work should clarify how resistance emerges in wild populations of non-tuberculous mycobacteria.
Postupci uzorkovanja za mikrobiološku analizu hrane mogu utjecati na krajnji rezultat mikrobiološke pretrage. Uzorkovanje trebaju provoditi educirane i stručne osobe; pribor i oprema za ...uzorkovanje moraju biti sterilni; uzorak koji se uzorkuje mora biti reprezentativan, što znači da mora predstavljati jednu seriju ili lot proizvoda iz koje je uzet. Vrlo je važno uzorkovati dostatnu količinu uzorka koja je dovoljna za mikrobiološku analizu. Transport uzoraka do laboratorija i početak pretrage mora se provesti u što kraćem vremenu uz poštivanje temperaturnog režima. Sa svim se uzorcima treba postupati tako da bi se izbjeglo bilo kakvo oštećenje ambalaže. Uzorci moraju biti propisno upakirani te pravilno označeni. Osoba u poslovanju s hranom sam određuje učestalost uzorkovanja hrane, vode i površina koje dolaze u dodir s hranom koja je definirana planom samokontrole, a nadležna tijela kontroliraju provedbu propisanih planova. Osim uzorkovanja tijekom samokontrole koje provode osobe u poslovanju s hranom u Republici Hrvatskoj postoje i službene kontrole koje su propisane od nadležnih tijela u Republici Hrvatskoj, a to je Uprava za veterinarstvo i sigurnost hrane Ministarstva poljoprivrede.
Sampling procedures for microbiological analysis may affect the final result of the microbiological test. Sampling should only be performed by professionally educated personnel. All sampling equipment and utensils must be sterile. The sample to be taken must be representative, i.e. it must represent one lot of the product from which it was taken. It is very important to take a sufficient quantity of samples for microbiological analysis. Transporting samples to the laboratory and commencing testing should be carried out as soon as possible, respecting the temperature regime. All samples should be handled in such a way as to avoid any damage to the packaging. Samples must be properly packed and labelled. The food business operator determines the frequency of sampling of food and water, and areas coming into contact with food in its self-control plan, while the competent authorities control the implementation of the prescribed plans. In addition to sampling conducted as part of the self-control by food business operators, official controls are prescribed by competent bodies, i.e. the Veterinary and Food Safety Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Croatia.
•Five bottlenose dolphin carcasses in the Adriatic Sea were tested on brucellosis.•Brucella strains ST27 was isolated from multiple organs in one dolphin.•First evidence of brucellosis in bottlenose ...dolphin from the Adriatic Sea.•Zoonotic strain ST27 is for first time identified in Europe.
Marine mammal brucellosis has been known for more than 20 years, but recent work suggests it is more widespread than originally thought. Brucella (B.) pinnipedialis has been isolated from pinnipeds, while B. ceti strains have been associated with cetaceans. Here we report a Brucella strain isolated from multiple lymph nodes of one bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) during routine examination of dolphin carcasses found in the Croatian part of the northern Adriatic Sea during the summer of 2015. Classical bacteriological biotyping, PCR-based techniques (single, multiplex, PCR-RFLP) and 16S rRNA DNA sequencing were used to identify Brucella spp. Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis of 16 loci and multilocus sequence typing of 9 loci were used for genotyping and species determination. The combination of bacteriological, molecular and genotyping techniques identified our strain as ST27, previously identified as a human pathogen. This report provides, to our knowledge, the first evidence of ST27 in the Adriatic Sea in particular and in European waters in general. The zoonotic nature of the strain and its presence in the Adriatic, which is inhabited by bottlenose dolphins, suggest that the strain may pose a significant threat to human health.
is present in the normal intestinal flora but some strains can cause intestinal and extraintestinal diseases, and research on its presence in food of animal origin is in the interests of public ...health. This study was designed to characterise
strains according to their origin, their carriage of virulence genes specific for certain pathogroups, and phylogenetic group affiliation.
The study was carried out on 100
strains isolated from food samples of various animal origin as well as pig and cattle carcass swabs. Isolation of the strains was performed using two methods. One method included colony count and the other an overnight enrichment of the samples. Isolation was followed by DNA extraction and detection of virulence genes and phylogenetic group with conventional and multiplex PCRs.
In this study, the most prevalent gene was
(20%) and strains which carried it were identified as enteroadherent
. Other pathogroups were represented in lower incidences. Phylogenetic group analysis revealed the prevalence of the A and B1 groups, with B1 mainly present in game and cattle strains, while the majority of pig and poultry strains were assigned to group A.
This study provides an overview of the presence of potentially pathogenic strains and
phylogenetic groups in Croatia, for which the data are limited. Further microbiological and molecular research is required to examine the epidemiological situation in the country.
•Laying hens received sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) and trimethoprim (TMP) in two doses.•The distribution of SMM and TMP in egg yolk and white was measured.•SMM and TMP residues was measurable for 30days ...after drug administration.•SMM is detectable for a longer period in egg white (>30days) than in yolk.•TMP is measured in period of 37day in egg yolk but not in white.
The distribution of sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) and trimethoprim (TMP) in egg yolk and white was measured during and after administration of a SMM/TMP combination in laying hens in doses of 8gl−1 and 12gl−1 in drinking water for 7days. The SMM concentration reached maximal levels on day 2 of the post-treatment period for both doses (μgkg−1): 5920 and 9453 in yolk; 4831 and 6050 in white, in doses 1 and 2, respectively. Significant differences in the SMM and TMP concentrations between yolk and white in post treatment period were found. SMM dropped below the LOD (1.9μgkg−1) in yolk after day 16 and 19 for doses 1 and 2. TMP reached maximal levels on day 3 after drug administration for doses 1 and 2 (μgkg−1): 6521 and 7329 in yolk, 1370 and 1539 in white. TMP residues were measured above LOD (0.3μgkg−1) in yolk for both doses on day 37 post-treatment.
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are opportunistic pathogens capable of causing infections in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the potential role of domestic and wild ...animals as a reservoir of multiple resistant, rapidly growing NTM strains representing a potential zoonotic threat to humans. A total of 87 animal isolates belonging to 11 rapidly growing species (visible colonies appear within three to seven days) were genotyped and tested for susceptibility to the 15 most commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of such infections in a human clinic. By determining the antimicrobial susceptibility, the most prevalent resistance was found to cephalosporins (>50%), followed by amoxicillin–clavulanate (31.0%), clarithromycin (23.0%), tobramycin (14.9%) and doxycycline (10.3%). Resistance to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, minocycline and linezolid was notably lower (<7.0%). All tested isolates were susceptible to amikacin and moxifloxacin. The most frequent resistance was proved in the most pathogenic species: M. fortuitum, M. neoaurum, M. vaccae and M. porcinum. Meanwhile, other species displayed a higher sensitivity rate. No significant resistance differences between domestic and wild animals were found. The established significant frequency of resistance highlights the significant zoonotic potential posed by circulating rapidly growing NTM strains, which could lead to challenges in the treatment of these infections.
Patogene mikobakterije imaju svoje domaćine, a većina njih i prirodne rezervoare u prirodi. Tuberkuloza prouzročena vrstom M. tuberculosis i dalje ostaje glavni uzročnik tuberkuloze u svijetu. M. ...bovis ima najrašireniji raspon prirodnih rezervoara od svih poznatih patogena. Različite vrste divljih životinja predstavljaju trajan rezervoar infekcije vrstom M. bovis za domaće životinje i ljude. U novije vrijeme otkrivene su i nove vrste mikobakterija (M. caprae, M. pinnipedii, M. mungi, M. orygis i M. suricattae) koje po svojim karakteristikama pripadaju u kompleks M. tuberculosis. Sve navedene vrste mikobakterija imaju svoje rezervoare u prirodi i kao zoonoze predstavljaju stalnu prijetnju za infekciju ljudi. M. leprae prouzroči lepru u ljudi. Dugo vremena se mislilo da je samo čovjek domaćin i rezervoar uzročnika. Danas je poznato da su prirodni rezervoari lepre devetopojasni pasanci (Dasypus novemcinctus) u SAD i Južnoj Americi, crvene vjeverice (Sciurus vulgaris) u Velikoj Britaniji i različite vrste majmuna u Africi i Aziji.
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